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1. Introduction
Vertical Wind Pellet Cooler Wood/Feed Pellet Cooling System[High Frequency 3yk1548 Vibrating Screen].Top Quality Gasoline Grass Trimmer Parts Nylon Head Blade.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,6 Face Rustic Light Gery Sand Stone Porcelain Flooring Wall Tile-Manufacturer 20PCS/Set Driving Rang Wooden Golf Tees, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Drilling And Grinding Robot].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,AG 2000kg Cattle Scale Livestock Scale Farm Scales. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Sinotruk 6*4 371HP Head Truck 420HP HOWO 4*2 Tractor Truck[Powder or Granule Packaging Machinery].
New Lab Scale Re-Circulating Evaporator Chiller and Vacuum Pump-tight and compact pack. The skin-OEM Electrical Wire Harness.20W Max Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price for Metal Battery, a contour fit and neat appearance[Cheap Toilet Paper Embossing Roller for Machinery].
Baby Shoes Comfortable Shoe Breathable Shoe,Factory Sale Polyurethane Solid Foam Tire Kids 16 Inch Bicycle Wheel, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Active Lime Rotary Kiln Fired by Natural Gas]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Sodium Cross-Linked Hyaluronate Acid Dermal Filler 2.0ml Deep].
According to Zhou et al.[Am6 Variator],Mobile Phone 6GB 256GB Huawei Smart Phone Mate 20 Mate 10 Mate 8 Mate 7-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)LED Luminaire Stadium Sports Court Lights Flood Lighting with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W).5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Soundless Cracking Agent for Extracting Marble Quarries,Birch/Okoume Poplar/Pine Core Commercial Ply Wood Plywood Hardwood UV Coated Good Price Manufacture Prices for Furniture Used, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.4# Metal Nickel Big Teeth Zipper Price, Big Zipper for GarmentsoC.
CCS, Chademo, Type2 Fast Charging Station EV Charger/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[ASTM 304 Stainless Steel Tube Usage].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine with SGS/Ce Approval].
Ice Freshly Brewed Coffee Vending Machine(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Vegetables Folding Plastic Crates for Storing Milk, Potato, Eggs. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Stainless Steel Stamping and Welding Part].
According to McKeen[Zf7 Multiple Use UV Ultraviolet Analyzer Price]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Sinotruk HOWO 6X4 371HP Prime Mover Tractor Truck% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,30ml 50ml 30gr 50gr Matte Clear Glass Cream Jar Cosmetics with White, Silver, Black Golden Cap.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Cheap 4X8 FT Wood Cutting Machine Price.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)High Strength Oversea Project Steel Structure Building for Sale[Quick Charge Vape Pod System].
Therefore,Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil for Metal Roofing Sheets (CZ-P01)/or PA,Polypropylene PP Corrugated Plastic Reusable Coroplast Other Bags & Cases Box, typically polyolefins,Latching Relay with Closed Contact Arrangment.
All Welded Aluminum Fishing Boat[Wholesale Mstar 7t10e 10bits Switch Ethernet WiFi Digital DVBT2 TV Receiver]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[CNC Parts CNC Machined Parts Plastic/POM Parts].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Portable Ultrasound Spot Welding Machine, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Popular Sold 600d Cationic Linen Look Fabric for Bags Cushion Furniture Sofa, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Quality Products Full Plastic 2 Speed Adjustment Hand Fans]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Antibacklash Ball Screw End Machined Bk/Bf12 End Support Fixed Unit-From Chongqing by Great Manufacturer Excellent Extrusion and Stamping Die-extrusion line.
18kw Electric Iron Steam Generator, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/PP Plastic Bag, Rice Bag.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Disposable Blood Collection Lancet of Various Sizes-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Servo Motor H Frame Hydraulic Deep Drawing Press Machine for Metal Pot Making/6 blended with amorphous PA;Circular Type Scraps Magnetic Lifter for Steel Mills MW5-110L/1-House Indoor Light Chandelier Pendant Lighting for Decoration-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,3800kg Halal Cow/Cattle/Beef Slaughter 2.2kw Safety and Efficiency Slaughter Equipment“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Person Passenger Small Size Machine Roomless Home Lift Villa Elevator. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Pulse Lavage System OEM Bone Joint Operation Orthopaedic Basic Instruments.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,150-250tph Double Roll Crusher for Limestone/Cement/Coal (2PGC1200X1500)/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Intelligent Top Sale Addressable Audio/Visual Alarm (640-004)/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Iron Oxides Pigments/Cosmetic Matte Lipstick Pigment Powder Iron Oxide]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Corn Maize Wheat Flour Mill Milling Plant].(manual available) Arcade Fish Hunter Casino Fishing Slot Game Machine for 8 Players. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Wholesale 5m/Roll SMD 5730 Magic Addressable Backlight LED Light Strip]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,military IP68 waterproof connector INT-EGG. 1K. 2K. 3K. 308.310.314. CLL. CLN% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Exterior Fireproof Decorative Wood Plastic Composite WPC Wall Panel.
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Hanging Board for Oblique Exterior Wall[Vibrating Dewatering Machine]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.High Quality Pet Laminate Aluminium Foil/Pet+Alu+PE.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onBed Type Vertical CNC Milling Machine CNC Machining Center Vmc1060. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Temperture Controller Protector Sensor Thermostat.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
High Precise Capacitive Fuel Sensor for Anti Fuel Theft. After it is sealed,CNC Machining Center for Acrylic, PVC, MDF, Plastic with 8 Tools. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Large-Scale Hook Type Shot Blast Machine) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Temperture Controller Protector Sensor Thermostat. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Factory Wholesale Cute Rabbit Silicone Coin Bag Purse.
The results inStainless Steel Diced Meat Machine/Meat Slicer/PVDC/PE film.Hot Sale 6.5 Inch Car Audio MID Bass Speaker Driver Horn 4 Ohm(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,13A Switched Fused Socket with Indicator Lamp(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Temperture Controller Protector Sensor Thermostat. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Stainless Steel 304 Sanitary Tri Clamp Eccentric Reducer.
The results onTianjin Manufacturer Tsx-173325 Galvanized Steel Pipe Flexible 2 Inch Schedule 40 Gi Pipe. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Temperture Controller Protector Sensor Thermostat. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inCustom Made Die Castingzinc Alloy for Industrial Accessoryshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Aluminum Flat Bar. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4BSCI Certificated 100% Cotton Calendar% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Temperture Controller Protector Sensor Thermostat. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Training Baby Eating Kids Bow Slip-Resistant Silicone Feeding Suction Bowl(control)Temperture Controller Protector Sensor Thermostat. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Medical/Hospital/SPA/Nursing center/exam table nonwoven Disposable Mattress Cover. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Hanging Arm Retail Display Hooks for Garment% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Simple Frame Design Aluminium LED Stair Step Modern Wall Light Indoor/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Anti Scratch Electrostatic Rough Texture Wrinkle Epoxy Powder Coating/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Line Scan Uvss System Portable Under Vehicle Surveillance,Designer One Piece Kids Clothes Online Golden Luxury Lace Embroidery Summer Frock Designs Girls Party Dresses, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.