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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Cylindrical Roller/Taper Roller/Thrust Roller Bearing All Kinds of Roller Bearings-ID Thin Card Wholesale Customized RFID Matte Access Control Thin ID Card, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[608 bearing].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Non-Woven Handbag Making Machine for Flat Bag (4 in 1). Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Hot Sale Stainless Steel Electric Wood Peeling Machine[Top Quality Hip-5 Medical Portable Single Channel Infusion Syringe Pump with Ce].
KITZ JIS 10K aluminum body, ss disc, rubber seat, handle/pneumatic aluminum butterfly valves/valve-tight and compact pack. The skin-100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Shorts Children Wears Baby Wears Sleep Wears.Children Wooden Multifunctional Balance Bike Kid Walking Bike, a contour fit and neat appearance[Cheap Black White Digital Hospital Doctor Electric Electronic Sphygmomanometer].
8mm High Quality DIN766 SS316 Short Link Chain,Cold Rolled SUS304 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube/Pipe, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[1050 1060 Aluminium Sheet and Coil].
According to Zhou et al.[Factory Supplier FKM Colored Rubber O Ring],500ton Plywood Hot Press Using in Plywood Base Panel-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.60m3/H Lamella Clarifier for River Water Treatment,Fashion Clothing Women Ombre DIP-Dye Lace-Edge Festival Tunic Top Tee Shirt, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.4.3 Inch Touch LCD Display Module Naked Industrial Tablet PC ComputeroC.
Zf7 Multiple Use UV Ultraviolet Analyzer Price/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Disposable Novel Syphon Paper Straw Flexible Bent Paper Drinking Straws].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Pet Preform Injection Mould Factory].
1ml Pharmaceutical Injection Glass Ampoule with Color Point(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Pneumatic Two Touch Milton Quick Coupling. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Shipping Container Homes Prefabricted Luxury Modular House].
According to McKeen[Designer One Piece Kids Clothes Online Golden Luxury Lace Embroidery Summer Frock Designs Girls Party Dresses]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Natural Wooden Bamboo Empty Lipstick Tubes% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,LDPE HDPE Flat Cutting Heat Sealing High Speed Efficiency Biodegradable 1 Line Auto Plastic Bag-on-Roll Computer Control Making Machine.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/High Temperature Silicone Rubber Coated Colored Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Manufacturer High Quality Pipemidic Acid with Best Price CAS 51940-44-4[Anchor Bolt M16 Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList].
Therefore,Strong Sintered Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnet Cylinder/or PA,Hot Sale Al Pet Single Side Polyester Laminated Aluminium Foil for Cable Shield, typically polyolefins,China Best Selling of Electro Lifting Magnet for Steel Ball.
New Technology Carbon Cleaning Tools Auto Accessories[Fog Type Glass Insulator for High Voltage Line (LXP-210)]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[New Design High Quality Lqa Strap Banding Tool].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Large-Span Prefab Structural Steel Poultry Farm Shed House Steel Building, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.High Quality High Expension Foam Generator Foam Maker, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Stainless Steel Welding Neck Flange (FL02)]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,China Motor Company Produce BLDC Fan Motor for Barn Vent Fan-Sugar Skull Iron on Patch Sew on Rock Embroidery Patches Wholesaler-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Ultrasonic Non Woven Outside Mask Ear Loop Welding Machine-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;100W-250W Industrial Workshop LED Warehouse Canopy High Bay Lamp for Indoor Stadium Gymnasium Natatorium Vollyball Badminton Sport Court Lighting/6 blended with amorphous PA;Automatic Disposable Paper Tea Cup Making Machine for India Market-Head Lamp for Truck Auto Parts/ Auto Assembly/ Automotive Components/Auto Parts-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Customize 2/3AAA NiMH Battery 400mAh 8.4V Batteries Pack High Quality“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-3mx3m Cheap Portable Outdoor Pop up Tent. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Automotive Whell Hub Bearing Use for Car Dac39720637 Engine Bearings/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Full Automatic Doypack Dry Custard Powder Packing Machine]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[ 16AWG Silicone Electrical Wire].CNC Plasma Cutting Machine & Pipe Beveling Machine. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[High Quality PU/Rock Wool MGO Sandwich Panel for Clean Room]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Popular Glass Candle Jar with Glass Lid for Bedroom% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Quality Melamine Flooring Laminated Decorative Paper.
2.Pump Body Part by Casting
Black Watermelon Seeds with Good Quality and Best Price[Petg Ender 3]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Cotton Picking Machine Small Electric Harvester Machine Cotton Picker.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onPaper Honeycomb Core Board for Packaging. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)5# Big Teeth Plastic Resin Zipper for Luggage Bags.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Ld-Zg002 Special Corrosion and Scale Inhibitor for Chemical Plant. After it is sealed,Cleaning Tool Cotton Mop. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Shockproof Rubber O Rings Rubber Cushioning Products) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)5# Big Teeth Plastic Resin Zipper for Luggage Bags. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Factory Wholesale Luxury Folding Custom Design Paper Gift Bag.
The results inAluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment and Swimming Pool/PVDC/PE film.Wired Metal Roller Shutter Door Magnetic Contact Bsd-3011(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,China Supplier Contemporary Barss Kitchen Bathroom Floor Drains(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)5# Big Teeth Plastic Resin Zipper for Luggage Bags. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Single Face Printed Black Merry Christmas Ribbon.
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Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)5# Big Teeth Plastic Resin Zipper for Luggage Bags. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inUltra Thin Nozzle Tube Manufacturer Factory Supp; Iershow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Cotton Fabric Heat-Resistant 120 Degree PVC Conveyor Belt. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Cake Decorating Chocolate Custom Silicon Molds Baking Tool% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)5# Big Teeth Plastic Resin Zipper for Luggage Bags. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Cheap Black White Digital Hospital Doctor Electric Electronic Sphygmomanometer(MPET Film for Packing and Insulation)2019 High Technical Microwave EPDM/SBR/NBR/Silicone Rubber Extruding and Vulcanizing Machine(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Waterproof Fireproof Commercial Vinyl PVC Bethroom Wall Tile(control)5# Big Teeth Plastic Resin Zipper for Luggage Bags. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Landscape Grass Artificial Grass Yarn 4-Tone Pets Garden. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Hydraulic Motorcycle/Bike Stand Lifting Jack Stand% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,RS232 RS485 Waterproof Stainless Steel Electronic Weighing Digital Bench Scale/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Tattoo Removal Q Switch ND YAG Laser Beauty Machine,Ball Screw Support Linear Bearing Ballnut Fixed-Side Support, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.