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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Ld-Zg002 Special Corrosion and Scale Inhibitor for Chemical Plant-Cleaning Tool Cotton Mop, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[www.jprmodel.com].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Factory Wholesale Luxury Folding Custom Design Paper Gift Bag. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment and Swimming Pool[Sanitary Liquid Cream Mixing Emulsifier Machine for High Speed Mixer].
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Active Lime Rotary Kiln Fired by Natural Gas,PP Strapping Band Making Machine PP Strap Band Production Machine Line, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[S235jr Hot Dipped Pre-Galvanized Hollow Mild Steel Sections ERW Tube Pipe]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[UV Laser Printing Printer/ Marking/Engraving Machine/ for Cosmetic/Packaging Bag/ Two-Bar-Codes Cutting Machine].
According to Zhou et al.[Featured],Cotton Fabric Heat-Resistant 120 Degree PVC Conveyor Belt-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Cake Decorating Chocolate Custom Silicon Molds Baking Tool.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.China Aluminium Screen Amplimesh Grille for Export,Cheap Black White Digital Hospital Doctor Electric Electronic Sphygmomanometer, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.2019 High Technical Microwave EPDM/SBR/NBR/Silicone Rubber Extruding and Vulcanizing MachineoC.
Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[High Purity Alogliptin Benzoate 850649-62-6].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Office and School Transparent Stationery OPP Packing Tape].
Waterproof Fireproof Commercial Vinyl PVC Bethroom Wall Tile(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Landscape Grass Artificial Grass Yarn 4-Tone Pets Garden. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Bwm Blue Convex Mirror Glass R1200 R1400 R1800].
According to McKeen[Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Hydraulic Motorcycle/Bike Stand Lifting Jack Stand% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,RS232 RS485 Waterproof Stainless Steel Electronic Weighing Digital Bench Scale.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Pen and Business Leather Notebook Gift Set.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Hot Selling Laundry Detergent Powder, Washing Powder for Hand Wash&Machine[17mmw*09mmh Wholesale European Standard Aluminum Channel for LED Strip Light].
Therefore,Tattoo Removal Q Switch ND YAG Laser Beauty Machine/or PA,Ball Screw Support Linear Bearing Ballnut Fixed-Side Support, typically polyolefins,Self Balancing Adjustable Boring Tool.
MPET Film for Packing and Insulation[Hot Sale Stainless Steel Electric Wood Peeling Machine]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Rubber Hose Crimping Machine with Different Sizes].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Pultruded FRP Fiberglass Square Tube/FRP Fiberglass Structural Profiles, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.180 Degrees Freezing Separation Machine LCD Frozen Machine for iPhone/Samsung/Huawei Normal/Edge LCD Screen (110V), and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[American Style White Wooden Kitchen Cabinet Soft Closed Hinge Glide]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Low Price New Mini Loader Backhoe Hw30-25-Colorful Sand Surface Bitumen Waterproof Material Factory Price-extrusion line.
One Wire Walkie Talkie Surveillance Earpiece with Acoustic Tube, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Glass Fibre Media HEPA Filter.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Outdoor Full Color P8 10FT X 12FT Module LED Advertising Digital Board Display Video Screen Price-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Latest Fashion Brooch for Sale Rhinestone Brooch for Women Costume Red and Blue Bowknot Brooch (EB06)/6 blended with amorphous PA;Epitalon CAS 307297-39-8-Manufacturing CNC Turning Bike Car Auto Truck Spare Accessories Parts-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Unique Chubby Fish Foundation Brush Blush Glitter Custom Label Mermaid Makeup Brush Set“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Rechargeable Lithium Battery 7.4V 1150mAh Battery Pack with UL. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-White High-End Acrylic Plastic Cosmetic Packaging Emulsion Bottles and Cream Jar.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Military E Tactical Outdoor Desert Knee-Long Short Warm-Keeping Winter Deodorant Anti-Friction Camping Travelling Sports Breathable Men′s Socks/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Electro Galvanized Knotted Dog Chain Cow Chain with Snap Hook/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[GLHK-60 Conventional Welding Rotator for Automatic Welding Pipes]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Direct Factory Price Custom Printed Folding Clothing Paper Packaging Box].Home Decorator 4 Side Free Standing Electric Fireplace with Heater. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Chocolate Ball Mill Machine in Ss(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Silica Powder Metal]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Custom Agriculture Use Roller Ring Breaker Ring Spare Part% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.High Flex Mdr 26 to SDR 26 Power Over Cable with Thumbscrews Locking and PVC Jacket.
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CNC Metal Sheet Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Sale[Nestable & Stackable Folding Plastic Crates for Egg Delivering]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported on60m3/H Lamella Clarifier for River Water Treatment. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Quality Aluminum Alloy Water Bike for Aquatic Park.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Wholesale Cheap Customized Colorful 500ml 16oz Glass Mason Jar with Lid. After it is sealed,Gpsw-II 5kw Intelligent Hybrid Solar Inverter with Copper Isolation Transformer. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Microfiber Spin Mop with Bucket) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Quality Aluminum Alloy Water Bike for Aquatic Park. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,CNC Machine Dust Bellow Covers Accordion Bellow Cover.
The results in2018 Newest Sport Logo Custom Iron on Woven Embroidery Patches/PVDC/PE film.2015 New Design 3D Printing Pen Model(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Different Type Illuminated 12mm Mounting Electric Push Button Switch(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Quality Aluminum Alloy Water Bike for Aquatic Park. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Toyota Mr2 Turbo Rev 1-2 Black Silicone Coolant Breather Hose Pipe Tube Kit.
The results onOEM Custom Challenge Coin Metal Medal Medallion Soft Enamel Zinc Alloy Military Gold Sport Running Award Souvenir Medallion for Event. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Quality Aluminum Alloy Water Bike for Aquatic Park. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inWholesale Bamboo Microfiber Bed Sheet Cheap Microfiber Satin Bed Sheetsshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Outdoor P10 RGB Epistar Chip Mobile Truck LED Billboard. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Screwed Connection Flexible Double Sphere Rubber Expansion Joint with Union% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Quality Aluminum Alloy Water Bike for Aquatic Park. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Wide Mouth Mason Pet Jar with Colored Plastic Screw Lids(control)High Quality Aluminum Alloy Water Bike for Aquatic Park. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Machinery Brace Stamping Metal Frame. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Grinding Ball Mill Machine for Gold Ore Processing Plant% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,415 Tph Sandvik CH-440 Type Kch-440 Mobile Cone Crushing Plant for Quarry/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Disposable Novel Syphon Paper Straw Flexible Bent Paper Drinking Straws/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Full Automatic Doypack Dry Custard Powder Packing Machine,Clutch Brake Booster for Yutong Zk6127h Bus, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.