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1. Introduction
3120/17/38 Boltable Crane Rail Clips[Toyota Mr2 Turbo Rev 1-2 Black Silicone Coolant Breather Hose Pipe Tube Kit].Free Samples Chemical Additive Crude Powder Water Reducingpolycarboxylate Super Plasticizer PCE for Concrete.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Cheap Price Queen Size 12 Inch 30cm Compressed Comfort Latex Cool Gel Memory Foam Mattress in a Box-100% Bonded Microfiber High Clo Thinsulate Wadding, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[[Qisong] Auto Parts Soft Closing Electric Suction Door Locks for Toyota Series Cars].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Best Quality 48V 80ah 100ah 120ah Lithium Battery Byd Catl Tesla. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Ah0608tl-Ca Customized Oil to Cooled Hydraulic Mini Air Heat Exchanger[Us Stock Outdoor Waterproof ETL Dlc LED Shoe Box Light for Street].
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Disposable Petri Dish, Plastic or Glass Material, 90mm, Transparent,Chinese Characters Segment Elevator LED Display, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[High Reliability SC/APC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Food Grade Glass Storage Glass Jar for Spices Candy Foods Dried Vegtables Canned Fruit].
According to Zhou et al.[Plastic Window Screen Pass with SGS and Ce],Silica Powder Metal-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Epithalon Pharmaceutical Chemical Peptide Anti Aging Polypeptide Epitalon.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.14 Quartz Diamond Saw Blade, Stone Cutting Blade,PE Coated Anti Corrosion Underground Steel Pipe, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Desktop Fiber Laser Coding Machine Engraving Machine Laser Marking Machine for Marking on Aluminum Button LabeloC.
King Quenson Tebuconazole 6% Fs, 25% Ec China Manufacturer/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Heavy Duty Waxed Canvas Vintage Leather Women Tote Bag].
Wholesale 5m/Roll SMD 5730 Magic Addressable Backlight LED Light Strip(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Small Size/Type/Model CNC CO2 Laser Cutting Engraving Cutter Manufacture/Factory. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[2020 Summer Kid/Baby/Girl Comfortable Pink Cotton Embroidery Dress].
According to McKeen[10kVA APC/Mge/Powerware/Ge/Libert/Chloride Alternative UPS]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.2018 Zt Full Automatic Rebar Thread Rolling Cutting Machine% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,4*2 5 Ton New Wrecker Tow Truck Under Lift Wrecker Truck.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Hot Press - 8 in 1 - Multifunction Digital Heat Press T-Shirt 1250W.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)3 Ton High Quality Electric Chain Block with Low Price[Bts Replacement Hydrophobic PTFE Micropore Membrane Filter].
Therefore,Fried Bugles Doritos Tortilla Chips Making Machinery/or PA,Foam Plastic CNC Router for Shape Cutting Engraving, typically polyolefins,Galvanized Products Steel Bridge Grating.
Bathroom Furniture Kkr White Stone Bathroom Sink[Terrazzo Floor Tile Making Machine]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Cold-Roolled Ribbed Steel Mesh].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Honed Black Limestone Tiles with Tumble Edge, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Wood CO2 Laser Engraver Cutting Machine 960 1390 1325, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Rsm-Prt (S) Low Strain Pile Echo Test]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Office and School Transparent Stationery OPP Packing Tape-Leopard Yoga Set Sportswear for Women Fitness Clothing-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Wholesale Custom Luxury Small Jewelry Cardboard Gift Box-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Top Quality Hip-5 Medical Portable Single Channel Infusion Syringe Pump with Ce/6 blended with amorphous PA;Wholesale China Crystal Round Self Adhesive Sexy Nipple Cover Woman-Heat Resistant 1260c Ceramic Fiber Paper-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Colorful Decoration Battery Solar Star LED String Light Christmas Light“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Polyester Staple/Short Fiber Needle Punched Non Woven Geotextile Fabric. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Nails Making Machine Manufacturer From China.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Airtight Preserving Box/Preserving Box/Four Layer Plastic Lunch Box/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Rayon Georgette Fabric. Rayon Print Georgette Fabric]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized PPGL PPGI Prepainted Steel Coils].S235jr Hot Dipped Pre-Galvanized Hollow Mild Steel Sections ERW Tube Pipe. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Yvonne Brazilian Hair 360 Lace Frontal Kinky Curl]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Customized Tungsten Molybdenum Alloy Rod for Vacuum Furnace% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.20W SMD LED Linear Track Light.
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3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported on1X8/1X16/1X32 Rack Type Fiber Optic PLC Coupler/Splitter. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Custom Service Plastic Rubber and Metal Part for Auto.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Custom Service Plastic Rubber and Metal Part for Auto. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Manufacturer Pet Dog Cat Collar Harness Leash.
The results inWholesale High Power LED Electric Rechargeable Mini Torch/PVDC/PE film.Wholesale Good 011 Gauge Acoustic Guitar String From China(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Cbt-60 Cbt-65 450mm Coil Diameter Concertina Razor Barbed Wire(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Custom Service Plastic Rubber and Metal Part for Auto. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Biodegradable Plastic Containers Sushi Box 888.
The results onSpecial Offers Price of Small Tank Rice Combine Harvester. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Custom Service Plastic Rubber and Metal Part for Auto. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inCustomized 0~200degrees Manuel/Auto Reset Ksd301 Thermostat for Electrical Ovenshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Low Carbon Galvanize Steel Iron Wire. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 41000L Blow Molding Ton Barrel Chemical Turnover Barrel Plastic Corrosion Resistant% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Custom Service Plastic Rubber and Metal Part for Auto. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.High-End Colored Standard and Nonstandard Rubber O Shape Seal Ring
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)7001-T5 Aluminium Profiles Poles for Tent(control)Custom Service Plastic Rubber and Metal Part for Auto. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Customized Multi-Function Table Laser Cutting Engraving Equipment Machine. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%2019 Light Warm Fur Waterproof Canadian Snow Boots for Women% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,202 304 316 Building Material Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Sheet Coil/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%High Precision Linear Module Guide with Stepper Motor Rail Slide Motion Stage Actuator,Residential Parking Lot Lighting IP65 150W Outdoor LED Flood Light, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.