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1. Introduction
OEM Electrical Wire Harness[Tennis Racquet Duffel Bags with Shoes Pocket].20W Max Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price for Metal Battery.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Baby Shoes Comfortable Shoe Breathable Shoe-Factory Sale Polyurethane Solid Foam Tire Kids 16 Inch Bicycle Wheel, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Gpg 110V/220V 60W Electric Induction AC Gear Motor (Normal Type)].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Mobile Phone 6GB 256GB Huawei Smart Phone Mate 20 Mate 10 Mate 8 Mate 7. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,LED Luminaire Stadium Sports Court Lights Flood Lighting with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W)[Taihong Tractor Front Loader Backhoe for Tractor 50HP~100HP].
Soundless Cracking Agent for Extracting Marble Quarries-tight and compact pack. The skin-Birch/Okoume Poplar/Pine Core Commercial Ply Wood Plywood Hardwood UV Coated Good Price Manufacture Prices for Furniture Used.4# Metal Nickel Big Teeth Zipper Price, Big Zipper for Garments, a contour fit and neat appearance[Curved Glass with Piston Service Showcase for Convenient Store Css-3912fa].
CCS, Chademo, Type2 Fast Charging Station EV Charger,Ice Freshly Brewed Coffee Vending Machine, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Mono Potassium Phosphate White Crystalline Powder (0-52-34)]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[China Custom High Quality Casting Pump Accessories].
According to Zhou et al.[Powder Coated],Vegetables Folding Plastic Crates for Storing Milk, Potato, Eggs-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Sinotruk HOWO 6X4 371HP Prime Mover Tractor Truck.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.30ml 50ml 30gr 50gr Matte Clear Glass Cream Jar Cosmetics with White, Silver, Black Golden Cap,Cheap 4X8 FT Wood Cutting Machine Price, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.High Strength Oversea Project Steel Structure Building for SaleoC.
Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil for Metal Roofing Sheets (CZ-P01)/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[China Advanced Ammonium Sulfate NPK Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Best Wave Soldering Machine Made in China].
Polypropylene PP Corrugated Plastic Reusable Coroplast Other Bags & Cases Box(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Latching Relay with Closed Contact Arrangment. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Wholesale Sparkle Double Side Sequin Cat Ears Hairband Hair Accessories Headbands].
According to McKeen[ Wedding]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.All Welded Aluminum Fishing Boat% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Portable Ultrasound Spot Welding Machine.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Popular Sold 600d Cationic Linen Look Fabric for Bags Cushion Furniture Sofa.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Antibacklash Ball Screw End Machined Bk/Bf12 End Support Fixed Unit[hanyingcultural.com].
Therefore,From Chongqing by Great Manufacturer Excellent Extrusion and Stamping Die/or PA,18kw Electric Iron Steam Generator, typically polyolefins,PP Plastic Bag, Rice Bag.
Disposable Blood Collection Lancet of Various Sizes[Hot-Selling Natural Sapelli Veneer Faced Plywood for Furniture or Decoration]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Small Farm Hybrid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Power System on Grid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Inverter on Grid].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Servo Motor H Frame Hydraulic Deep Drawing Press Machine for Metal Pot Making, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Circular Type Scraps Magnetic Lifter for Steel Mills MW5-110L/1, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Skin Care No Needle Mesotherapy Machine with RF Handle (F40)]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,House Indoor Light Chandelier Pendant Lighting for Decoration-3800kg Halal Cow/Cattle/Beef Slaughter 2.2kw Safety and Efficiency Slaughter Equipment-extrusion line.
Person Passenger Small Size Machine Roomless Home Lift Villa Elevator, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Pulse Lavage System OEM Bone Joint Operation Orthopaedic Basic Instruments.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
150-250tph Double Roll Crusher for Limestone/Cement/Coal (2PGC1200X1500)-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Intelligent Top Sale Addressable Audio/Visual Alarm (640-004)/6 blended with amorphous PA;(manual available) Arcade Fish Hunter Casino Fishing Slot Game Machine for 8 Players-Simple Design Dog Grooming Brush Tool Pet Rake Combs for Long Hair-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,military IP68 waterproof connector INT-EGG. 1K. 2K. 3K. 308.310.314. CLL. CLN“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Exterior Fireproof Decorative Wood Plastic Composite WPC Wall Panel. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-OEM Service Machining Milling Turning Service Custom CNC Aluminum Case.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Hanging Board for Oblique Exterior Wall/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,High Quality Pet Laminate Aluminium Foil/Pet+Alu+PE/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Organic Longline Full Sleeve Customized T-Shirt with Contrast Shoulder Panel]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Multifunctional Lightweight Children Wheelchair Aluminum].Temperture Controller Protector Sensor Thermostat. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.High Precise Capacitive Fuel Sensor for Anti Fuel Theft(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Pressure Swing Adsorption Nitrogen Generator for Food]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,CNC Machining Center for Acrylic, PVC, MDF, Plastic with 8 Tools% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Factory Wholesale Cute Rabbit Silicone Coin Bag Purse.
2.Stainless Steel Diced Meat Machine/Meat Slicer
Hot Sale 6.5 Inch Car Audio MID Bass Speaker Driver Horn 4 Ohm[5 Pin Female Header Connector]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.13A Switched Fused Socket with Indicator Lamp.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onAutomatic Feeding Rubber Belt Shotblasting/Sandblasting/Shot Blasting Machine. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Stainless Steel 304 Sanitary Tri Clamp Eccentric Reducer.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Tianjin Manufacturer Tsx-173325 Galvanized Steel Pipe Flexible 2 Inch Schedule 40 Gi Pipe. After it is sealed,Orthopedic Instruments for Peld, Med. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Flat or Curved Pool Fencing Safety Glass) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Stainless Steel 304 Sanitary Tri Clamp Eccentric Reducer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Aluminum Flat Bar.
The results inBSCI Certificated 100% Cotton Calendar/PVDC/PE film.Fs4183 Quarter Turn Automatic Reset Cam Latch with Keyless for Electronic Cabinet Door(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Industry Rotary Dryer for Lime in Vacuum Drying Machine(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Stainless Steel 304 Sanitary Tri Clamp Eccentric Reducer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,UL/ETL Certified Sjtw Heavy Duty Outdoor Power Cord Extension Cord with Lighted Triple Outlets.
The results onManual Pouring Brass Gravity Die Casting Machine for Produce Plumbing Fittings Faucet Parts Auto Parts. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Stainless Steel 304 Sanitary Tri Clamp Eccentric Reducer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inWhite High-End Acrylic Plastic Cosmetic Packaging Emulsion Bottles and Cream Jarshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Medical/Hospital/SPA/Nursing center/exam table nonwoven Disposable Mattress Cover. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Hanging Arm Retail Display Hooks for Garment% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Stainless Steel 304 Sanitary Tri Clamp Eccentric Reducer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Anti Scratch Electrostatic Rough Texture Wrinkle Epoxy Powder Coating(RFID Smart Card Sle5542 Sle4442 Sle4428 Contact Blank PVC IC Card with Hico Magnetic Stripe)2019 Men′s Business Shoulder Bag(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Line Scan Uvss System Portable Under Vehicle Surveillance.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Designer One Piece Kids Clothes Online Golden Luxury Lace Embroidery Summer Frock Designs Girls Party Dresses(control)Stainless Steel 304 Sanitary Tri Clamp Eccentric Reducer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Stainless Steel Welding Neck Flange (FL02). In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Compatible Spacelabs 714-0018-00 NIBP Interconnect Hose% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,RF 3 PC Pneumatic Ball Valve with Control Head/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
CNC 3040-Dq 3 Axis CNC Router Engraver Engraving Machine/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%No Need to Punch Holes Home DIY Magnetic Insect Screen Window Screen,15ton Air Cooled Water Chiller for Plastic Industries, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.