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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Waterproof Fireproof Commercial Vinyl PVC Bethroom Wall Tile-Landscape Grass Artificial Grass Yarn 4-Tone Pets Garden, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[8ml Diamond Hanging Car Perfume Bottles Car Accessories Bottle].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Hydraulic Motorcycle/Bike Stand Lifting Jack Stand. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,RS232 RS485 Waterproof Stainless Steel Electronic Weighing Digital Bench Scale[Indoor P3 LED Video Wall LED Panel Module for Stage].
Pen and Business Leather Notebook Gift Set-tight and compact pack. The skin-Hot Selling Laundry Detergent Powder, Washing Powder for Hand Wash&Machine.Tattoo Removal Q Switch ND YAG Laser Beauty Machine, a contour fit and neat appearance[Organic Longline Full Sleeve Customized T-Shirt with Contrast Shoulder Panel].
Ball Screw Support Linear Bearing Ballnut Fixed-Side Support,Self Balancing Adjustable Boring Tool, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Cheap Wholesale Pure Turkey Cotton Stripe Beach Pool Towel]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Multifunctional Lightweight Children Wheelchair Aluminum].
According to Zhou et al.[Vintage Tire],MPET Film for Packing and Insulation-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Pultruded FRP Fiberglass Square Tube/FRP Fiberglass Structural Profiles.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.180 Degrees Freezing Separation Machine LCD Frozen Machine for iPhone/Samsung/Huawei Normal/Edge LCD Screen (110V),Low Price New Mini Loader Backhoe Hw30-25, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Colorful Sand Surface Bitumen Waterproof Material Factory PriceoC.
One Wire Walkie Talkie Surveillance Earpiece with Acoustic Tube/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Anhydrous Calcium Chloride Production Plant by Fluid Bed Process].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Pressure Swing Adsorption Nitrogen Generator for Food].
Glass Fibre Media HEPA Filter(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Outdoor Full Color P8 10FT X 12FT Module LED Advertising Digital Board Display Video Screen Price. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[AG 2000kg Cattle Scale Livestock Scale Farm Scales].
According to McKeen[Notebook with Pen Gift Kit for Promotional Gift (P013)]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Latest Fashion Brooch for Sale Rhinestone Brooch for Women Costume Red and Blue Bowknot Brooch (EB06)% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Epitalon CAS 307297-39-8.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Manufacturing CNC Turning Bike Car Auto Truck Spare Accessories Parts.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Unique Chubby Fish Foundation Brush Blush Glitter Custom Label Mermaid Makeup Brush Set[High Quality Fashion Modern Aluminum Perforated Shutter Louver Blind Design for Window].
Therefore,Rechargeable Lithium Battery 7.4V 1150mAh Battery Pack with UL/or PA,White High-End Acrylic Plastic Cosmetic Packaging Emulsion Bottles and Cream Jar, typically polyolefins,Military E Tactical Outdoor Desert Knee-Long Short Warm-Keeping Winter Deodorant Anti-Friction Camping Travelling Sports Breathable Men′s Socks.
Electro Galvanized Knotted Dog Chain Cow Chain with Snap Hook[3 Axis 250t/3200 CNC Press Brake with Delem Da52s CNC Press Brake 250 Tons]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Automatic Feeding Rubber Belt Shotblasting/Sandblasting/Shot Blasting Machine].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Home Decorator 4 Side Free Standing Electric Fireplace with Heater, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Chocolate Ball Mill Machine in Ss, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Nails Making Machine Manufacturer From China]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Custom Agriculture Use Roller Ring Breaker Ring Spare Part-High Flex Mdr 26 to SDR 26 Power Over Cable with Thumbscrews Locking and PVC Jacket-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;High Quality Aluminum Alloy Water Bike for Aquatic Park/6 blended with amorphous PA;Wholesale Cheap Customized Colorful 500ml 16oz Glass Mason Jar with Lid-Gpsw-II 5kw Intelligent Hybrid Solar Inverter with Copper Isolation Transformer-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,CNC Machine Dust Bellow Covers Accordion Bellow Cover“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-2018 Newest Sport Logo Custom Iron on Woven Embroidery Patches. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-2015 New Design 3D Printing Pen Model.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Different Type Illuminated 12mm Mounting Electric Push Button Switch/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Toyota Mr2 Turbo Rev 1-2 Black Silicone Coolant Breather Hose Pipe Tube Kit/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Customized S′well Traveler Cup]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Wheel Loader Seal Ring (80A0016) for Liugong Loader].OEM Custom Challenge Coin Metal Medal Medallion Soft Enamel Zinc Alloy Military Gold Sport Running Award Souvenir Medallion for Event. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Hotselling Zink Alloy Die Casting Shoe Buckles, Slipper Shoe Accessories(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[White High-End Acrylic Plastic Cosmetic Packaging Emulsion Bottles and Cream Jar]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Outdoor P10 RGB Epistar Chip Mobile Truck LED Billboard% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Screwed Connection Flexible Double Sphere Rubber Expansion Joint with Union.
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50AA-H Crydom SSR Cmx60d20 PCB SSR DC Relay[9′′ 6CH 1080 HD Mobile Car DVR with Touch Screen]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.0.22um 0.45 Micron Hydrophobic Filter Paper PVDF Membrane in Roll.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onCustom Printing Flat Bottom Side Gusset Red Dates Plastic Bag Dried Fruit Snack Packaging Bag Eight Side Seal Zipper Bag. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Digital Sphygmomanometer-Contec08c.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Wide Mouth Mason Pet Jar with Colored Plastic Screw Lids. After it is sealed,Machinery Brace Stamping Metal Frame. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Small Size/Type/Model CNC CO2 Laser Cutting Engraving Cutter Manufacture/Factory) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Digital Sphygmomanometer-Contec08c. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Grinding Ball Mill Machine for Gold Ore Processing Plant.
The results in415 Tph Sandvik CH-440 Type Kch-440 Mobile Cone Crushing Plant for Quarry/PVDC/PE film.Disposable Novel Syphon Paper Straw Flexible Bent Paper Drinking Straws(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Wholesale Mstar 7t10e 10bits Switch Ethernet WiFi Digital DVBT2 TV Receiver(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Digital Sphygmomanometer-Contec08c. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Full Automatic Doypack Dry Custard Powder Packing Machine.
The results onClutch Brake Booster for Yutong Zk6127h Bus. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Digital Sphygmomanometer-Contec08c. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in5/16 Inch Flexible Natural Argon Gas Hose Stainless Steel Hoseshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Polyester / Pet (Mylar) Film on Rolls in Milky Color. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Inflatable Boat with Outboard Engine Fishing Boat Fold Boat% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Digital Sphygmomanometer-Contec08c. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Xcjq Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Vacuum Cleaner of Dust Removing Machinery(Custom Service Plastic Rubber and Metal Part for Auto)Plastic Injection Bowl Rack Mould(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Automatic Feeding Rubber Belt Shotblasting/Sandblasting/Shot Blasting Machine.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Hollow Steel Trapezoidal Internal Spline Thread Lead Screw Tr23X10 (p2.5)(control)Digital Sphygmomanometer-Contec08c. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Wireless Interactive Whiteboard for Business and School with Free Driver.. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Fog Type Glass Insulator for High Voltage Line (LXP-210)% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,LED 60W All in One Solar Street Light with Good Price/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Waterproof Handheld Gold Metal Detector Underground Gold Metal Detector/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Dual Lens FHD1080p with Sony Imx323 WiFi GPS Car DVR Recorder 170 Degree View Dash Camera,Stainless Steel Valves/Duplex Stainless Steel/Ni Alloy/Titanium/Aluminum Bronze Ball Valve, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.