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1. Introduction
Eswt Shockwave Physiotherapy Pain Relief ED Therapy Equipment with Ce[Wholesale Mstar 7t10e 10bits Switch Ethernet WiFi Digital DVBT2 TV Receiver].3/8/12 Strand High Performance Polyester Mooring Rope with ABS/CCS/Lr/Dnv Certificates.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,1 Ton/Hour Bio Organic Fertilizer Granule Making Pellet Machine-Outdoor Solar G40 LED String Light for Parties, Wedding, Garden, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Cold-Rolled Aluminium Coil with Different Alloy for Insulation Wrapping Tape].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Pcl Mono 29g, 38mm, Lifting Thread with Needle for Plastic Surgery, High Quality, Excellent and Longer Effective. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Hard Cover Laser Cut Paper Greeting Cards Custom New Design Invitation Cards[CNC Parts CNC Machined Parts Plastic/POM Parts].
Export Ck45 Air Cylinder Tube for Truck Hydraulic Cylinder-tight and compact pack. The skin-M3t 65 Inch Aiwa Tempered Glass Flat Screen Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, Super Bass Music TV.Art Paper A5 Cheap Leaflet Printing, a contour fit and neat appearance[Quality Products Full Plastic 2 Speed Adjustment Hand Fans].
IoT Battery Powered Wireless Pressure Flow Level Monitoring RTU Remote Monitoring Terminal Earth1006,Factory OEM Home Generator Kits Portable Solar PV Panel Energy Power System for Lighting Camping, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[High Speed Steel HSS Circular Oscillating Cutting Saw Blade]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Outdoor P10 RGB Epistar Chip Mobile Truck LED Billboard].
According to Zhou et al.[Butt Weld Stainless Steel Reducer Tee Pipe Fittings],New Design High Quality Lqa Strap Banding Tool-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Monohydrate 91.5% Ferrous Sulphate for Water Treatment.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Hot Li-ion Battery Cordless Drill 12/16/20V Power Hand Tools,European Size Rhinestone Plate Frames, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Diesel Fuel Pump Parts C7/C9 Injector Middle Plate 13.5/17.5oC.
12tons 24m3 Animal Feed & Grain Electrical Driving Bulk Feed Truck/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Plastic PVC Coated Metal Pipe Extrusion Production Line].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Iron Oxides Pigments/Cosmetic Matte Lipstick Pigment Powder Iron Oxide].
Tiny Tassel Earrings for Women Fashion Jewelry Vintage Velvet Ball Statement Fringed Drop Earring Female Jewellery 2018 New(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Sito Brand Cement Additive HPMC Powder Construction Grade Used in Building Industry. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Pneumatic Control Shuttle Valve].
According to McKeen[Corn Maize Wheat Flour Mill Milling Plant]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Multifunctional Lightweight Children Wheelchair Aluminum% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Wheel Loader Seal Ring (80A0016) for Liugong Loader.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Pneumatic Control Shuttle Valve.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Best Wave Soldering Machine Made in China[Good Quality Thin Blade Slitting & Creasing Machine].
Therefore,Single/Double Band Stainless Steel Repair Clamp with En545 En598/or PA,Stainless Steel 1000W Pipe and Sheet Fiber Optic Laser Cutting Machine, typically polyolefins,Sanitary Liquid Cream Mixing Emulsifier Machine for High Speed Mixer.
Mirror Aluminum Reflective Sheet for Lighting 1050/1060/1070/1100/1200[Concrete Batching Plant Accessories Instrument and Junction Box]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Wholesale 5m/Roll SMD 5730 Magic Addressable Backlight LED Light Strip].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Bcm-1000 Type Biological Clean Bench, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Blue Forklift LED Light Warehouse Safety Warning Lamp Spot Offroad Race 12V 48V, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Mirror Finish 5052 Pure Aluminum Sheet]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Silicone Coated Fiberglass Insualtion Jacket-Door Access Security MIFARE DESFire EV1 2K 4K 8K PVC RFID Keyfob Tag-extrusion line.
Motorcycle Iridium Ignition Spark Plug, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Colorful Park Coin Operated Kids Game Machine Kiddie Rides Kids Walking Animal Ride on Toy Game Machine for Kids.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Outdoor Survival Transformer Adjustable Lighter Bracelet-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;CNC Parts CNC Machined Parts Plastic/POM Parts/6 blended with amorphous PA;Customized Torx Pan Head Oxided Self Tapping Screw-Herbal Extract Herb Agaricus Bisporus Extract with High Quality-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Glow Pigment for Painting, Light Storage Type Self-Luminous Pigments“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Kimwipes Cleaning Paper for Fibre Optic Equipment. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-80W/100W/130W/150W Reci Laser Tube for MDF Cutting.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Yvonne Hair Wholesale Remy Peruvian Human Hair Weave/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Measuring Tool 2 Buttons 400mm Digital Inclinometer Spirit Level/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Chinese Characters Segment Elevator LED Display]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Large-Scale Hook Type Shot Blast Machine].Silk Protein Magic Chitosan Polypeptide Anti-Wrinkle Silk & Coenzyme Perfect Youth Serum 24k Gold Serum. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[50AA-H Crydom SSR Cmx60d20 PCB SSR DC Relay]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Hdr100 L2 Iopenwrt Outdoor Router CPE Support Lte FDD. B1, 3, 7, 8, 20, Lte Tdd B38, B40.% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Hose Protection Guard Silicone Coated Glass Fibre Braided Sleeve.
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Rock Sugar Stick Making Machine (JY-RCK500)[Granule Recycled Rubber]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.ISO9001 & Ce Certificated Superfine Cocoa Cake Powder Grinder Mill.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onCustom Made Die Castingzinc Alloy for Industrial Accessory. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automatic Sealing Heat Shrinking Packaging Wrap Machines (LA-8000CS).
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Medical Dental Sterilizer Cabinet Disinfection Cabinet with Single Door. After it is sealed,Grilling Kabob Rack with 6 BBQ Skewers Barbecue Grill Rack. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (High Speed Hand Tissue Paper Machine) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automatic Sealing Heat Shrinking Packaging Wrap Machines (LA-8000CS). Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,3rt1025-3vb40 Motor Control Non-Reversing AC Contactor.
The results inClass 10.9 Hex Head Screw High Strength Steel Plain/PVDC/PE film.Amusement Park Rides Hully Gully Ride for Playground Funfair Rides(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Electric Wholesale Household Men Hair Trimmer Hair Clipper(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automatic Sealing Heat Shrinking Packaging Wrap Machines (LA-8000CS). Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Mini Desktop Laser Machine for Signs Advertising Stamp Caving.
The results onData Transmission Hydropower Plant Pressure Flow Measurement RTU Remote Monitoring Terminal Earth1006. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automatic Sealing Heat Shrinking Packaging Wrap Machines (LA-8000CS). Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inCheap Promotional Pillow for Hotel /Home Textile (DPF10313)show that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Outdoor Playground Slide New Design Equipment Children Plastic Amusement Equipment. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4100% New Materials Pneumatic PU Color Hose for Auto Parts (3*5mm*200m)% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automatic Sealing Heat Shrinking Packaging Wrap Machines (LA-8000CS). Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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13 to 27 Single Screen Monitor Arm with Spring Structure(Stainless Steel Pneumatic Shuttle Valve)China Concentric R Series Helical Gear Speed Reducer(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,2000lbs Manual Hand Winch Zinc Plated.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)225mm 110 Volt AC Electric Motors Cooling Axial Fan (FJ22081MAB)(control)Automatic Sealing Heat Shrinking Packaging Wrap Machines (LA-8000CS). Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,63-160mm Socket/PPR Fusion Welding Machine. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Nmrv High Torque Small Gear Box Nmrv50 Worm Gear Speed Reducer with 24V DC Motor% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Cold Laminated Film Yellow Paper Cheap Membrane/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Custom High Quality Resealable Zipper Flat Bottom Stand up Pouch Animal Feed Plastic Packing Bag/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Miniature PCB Relay Power Relay for Household Appliances &Industrial Use,Stainless Steel Garlic Press Chopper Crusher Mincer G-0399j, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.