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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Exterior Fireproof Decorative Wood Plastic Composite WPC Wall Panel-OEM Service Machining Milling Turning Service Custom CNC Aluminum Case, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Personalised Swimming Trunks].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Hanging Board for Oblique Exterior Wall. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,High Quality Pet Laminate Aluminium Foil/Pet+Alu+PE[25 Oz. Infusion Ionic Water Filter Sports Bottle].
Temperture Controller Protector Sensor Thermostat-tight and compact pack. The skin-High Precise Capacitive Fuel Sensor for Anti Fuel Theft.CNC Machining Center for Acrylic, PVC, MDF, Plastic with 8 Tools, a contour fit and neat appearance[Plastic Industrial Sectional Garage Door Handle/PVC Handle].
Factory Wholesale Cute Rabbit Silicone Coin Bag Purse,Stainless Steel Diced Meat Machine/Meat Slicer, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Electro Galvanized Knotted Dog Chain Cow Chain with Snap Hook]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Low Price Plastic Perfume Spray Bottle Pocket Sprayer Bottles].
According to Zhou et al.[Chinese Pipe Manufacturer],Hot Sale 6.5 Inch Car Audio MID Bass Speaker Driver Horn 4 Ohm-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)13A Switched Fused Socket with Indicator Lamp.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Stainless Steel 304 Sanitary Tri Clamp Eccentric Reducer,Tianjin Manufacturer Tsx-173325 Galvanized Steel Pipe Flexible 2 Inch Schedule 40 Gi Pipe, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Orthopedic Instruments for Peld, MedoC.
Aluminum Flat Bar/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[High Temperature Silicone Rubber Coated Colored Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[2019 High Technical Microwave EPDM/SBR/NBR/Silicone Rubber Extruding and Vulcanizing Machine].
BSCI Certificated 100% Cotton Calendar(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Fs4183 Quarter Turn Automatic Reset Cam Latch with Keyless for Electronic Cabinet Door. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Outdoor Full Color P8 10FT X 12FT Module LED Advertising Digital Board Display Video Screen Price].
According to McKeen[Alloy 8011 Pharmaceutical Ptp Aluminum Foil]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Industry Rotary Dryer for Lime in Vacuum Drying Machine% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,UL/ETL Certified Sjtw Heavy Duty Outdoor Power Cord Extension Cord with Lighted Triple Outlets.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Manual Pouring Brass Gravity Die Casting Machine for Produce Plumbing Fittings Faucet Parts Auto Parts.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Training Baby Eating Kids Bow Slip-Resistant Silicone Feeding Suction Bowl[Factory For Nail Buffer Polisher - AD3650 - Zhuohui].
Therefore,Medical/Hospital/SPA/Nursing center/exam table nonwoven Disposable Mattress Cover/or PA,Hanging Arm Retail Display Hooks for Garment, typically polyolefins,Simple Frame Design Aluminium LED Stair Step Modern Wall Light Indoor.
Anti Scratch Electrostatic Rough Texture Wrinkle Epoxy Powder Coating[Zinc Plated Bent Construction Brackets (3X3)]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[1614867301 1619268900 Air Compressor Oil Respirator Filter Element for Atlas Copco].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,2019 Men′s Business Shoulder Bag, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Line Scan Uvss System Portable Under Vehicle Surveillance, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[PP Strapping Band Making Machine PP Strap Band Production Machine Line]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Designer One Piece Kids Clothes Online Golden Luxury Lace Embroidery Summer Frock Designs Girls Party Dresses-Stainless Steel Welding Neck Flange (FL02)-extrusion line.
Compatible Spacelabs 714-0018-00 NIBP Interconnect Hose, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/RF 3 PC Pneumatic Ball Valve with Control Head.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
CNC 3040-Dq 3 Axis CNC Router Engraver Engraving Machine-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Carburetor Repair Kit for Stihl Ms180 Ms170 018 017 Replacement//6 blended with amorphous PA;No Need to Punch Holes Home DIY Magnetic Insect Screen Window Screen-15ton Air Cooled Water Chiller for Plastic Industries-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Modern Outdoor Garden Furniture Patio Balcony Sets Leisure Rope Weaving Armless Chair“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Factory Sales Marble Sculpture Home Decoration Napoleon Bust Statue Mfsg-76. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Overlays Non-Tactile Membrane Switches Panel.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,3.0kw Spindle CNC Router with Certificate for Woodworking/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Fruit/ Vegetable Double Spray High Pressure Cleaner for Sale/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Quick Connect Garden Hose Fittings Plastic 3-4Garden Water Hose Fittings]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Electrical Vertical Laboratory Vacuum Dryer Cabinet].Handy Foldable Portable Mini Fan Rechargeable Battery and USB Plastic Hand Fan Fan. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Stainless Steel Pneumatic Shuttle Valve(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Electric Manual Ice Crusher Ice Shaver Industrial Ice Machine]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Electric Smart Fingerprint Door Lock Wt-M-1603A% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Cheap Wholesale Pure Turkey Cotton Stripe Beach Pool Towel.
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Customized 0~200degrees Manuel/Auto Reset Ksd301 Thermostat for Electrical Oven[35kv Electrical Power Transmission Galvanized Steel Tubular Mono Pole Tower]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.8 Germany Type Combination Plier Diagonal Cutting Industrial Linemen High Leverage Wire Cable.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onAluminium Pneumatic Diaphragm Pump. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Jorc Auto Solenoid Valve with High Pressure 40bar.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Jorc Auto Solenoid Valve with High Pressure 40bar. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Wholesale Plastic Adult Clothes Tubular Hangers for Suits (TH001N-b).
The results inAntistatic PVC PE Steel Wire Reinforced Twisted Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Making Machine/PVDC/PE film.Stainless Steel Sheet 304 316 316L 321 310S(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Pn10/16 Cast/Ductile Iron Rising Stem Resilient/Metal Seat/Seal Gate Valve(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Jorc Auto Solenoid Valve with High Pressure 40bar. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Hot Rolled Ss 316 316L Stainless Steel Shafting for Propeller.
The results onHome-Use Radio Frequency Bipolar RF Slimming Beauty Machine Skin Tightening Care. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Jorc Auto Solenoid Valve with High Pressure 40bar. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in95cm Space Saver Stainless Steel Kitchen Storage Holder Over Sink Kitchen Dish Rackshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Hot Sale Universal Night Vision with Wireless Parking Sensor & Car Alarm for Car Black Box Wireless Camera & LCD Monitor Driving & Parking System with GPS. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Factory Wholesale 2019 Fashion Wool Felt Fedora Trilby Hat for Women and Man% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Jorc Auto Solenoid Valve with High Pressure 40bar. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Qy-PP03 Man Panties PP Plastic Storage Packing Box Plastic Square Boxes(Ld-Zg002 Special Corrosion and Scale Inhibitor for Chemical Plant)ASTM A500 Grade a Mild Steel Material Shs Hollow Sections(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,6500k 2700k 24W Round LED Panel Lamp.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Sanitary Stainless Steel Vertical Commerical Colloid Mill for Food Grinding(control)Jorc Auto Solenoid Valve with High Pressure 40bar. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,High Quality PU/Rock Wool MGO Sandwich Panel for Clean Room. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Suede Base Fabric, Synthetic Leather, Microfiber PVC Leather% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Brushed Anti Brass Bags/Handbags Dog Hook New Design/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Welded Carbon Steel Pipe for Transportation (CZ-RP67)/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Wholesale Tight Women′s Fashion Compression Yoga Pants,Inexperience Aluminum Glass Curtain Wall with Frame for Metal Facade, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.