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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,High Precision Linear Module Guide with Stepper Motor Rail Slide Motion Stage Actuator-Residential Parking Lot Lighting IP65 150W Outdoor LED Flood Light, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Carbonless Copy Paper NCR].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Steel Structure Roofing for Parking. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Ceramic Foam Filter Silicon Carbide/Zirconia/Alumina Honeycomb Filter[Outdoor Full Color P8 10FT X 12FT Module LED Advertising Digital Board Display Video Screen Price].
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SS304/SS316L Sanitary Stainless Steel 180 Degree Elbow,Patch Cord Fiber Cable Orange (LC-LC), toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Zinc Plated Bent Construction Brackets (3X3)]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[1614867301 1619268900 Air Compressor Oil Respirator Filter Element for Atlas Copco].
According to Zhou et al.[www.hnachina.com],CNC Machining OEM Service Steel Bending Parts Prototype, Prototype Manufacturer-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Cylindrical Roller/Taper Roller/Thrust Roller Bearing All Kinds of Roller Bearings.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.ID Thin Card Wholesale Customized RFID Matte Access Control Thin ID Card,Non-Woven Handbag Making Machine for Flat Bag (4 in 1), that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Hot Sale Stainless Steel Electric Wood Peeling MachineoC.
KITZ JIS 10K aluminum body, ss disc, rubber seat, handle/pneumatic aluminum butterfly valves/valve/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[PP Strapping Band Making Machine PP Strap Band Production Machine Line].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[High Efficient Flooded Water Chiller for Cooling Purpose.].
100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Shorts Children Wears Baby Wears Sleep Wears(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Children Wooden Multifunctional Balance Bike Kid Walking Bike. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Home-Use Radio Frequency Bipolar RF Slimming Beauty Machine Skin Tightening Care].
According to McKeen[001*10 Styrene Series Gel Strong Acid Ion Exchange Resin-Cation Exchange Resin]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.8mm High Quality DIN766 SS316 Short Link Chain% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Cold Rolled SUS304 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube/Pipe.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/500ton Plywood Hot Press Using in Plywood Base Panel.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male[DIY Plastic Window Insect Screen for Various of Windows].
Therefore,60m3/H Lamella Clarifier for River Water Treatment/or PA,Fashion Clothing Women Ombre DIP-Dye Lace-Edge Festival Tunic Top Tee Shirt, typically polyolefins,4.3 Inch Touch LCD Display Module Naked Industrial Tablet PC Computer.
Zf7 Multiple Use UV Ultraviolet Analyzer Price[Quick Connect Garden Hose Fittings Plastic 3-4Garden Water Hose Fittings]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[ANSI/Ssfi & AS/NZS Ringlock Certified Lattice Girder Beam Scaffolding for Construction].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,1ml Pharmaceutical Injection Glass Ampoule with Color Point, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Pneumatic Two Touch Milton Quick Coupling, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Electrical Vertical Laboratory Vacuum Dryer Cabinet]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Natural Wooden Bamboo Empty Lipstick Tubes-LDPE HDPE Flat Cutting Heat Sealing High Speed Efficiency Biodegradable 1 Line Auto Plastic Bag-on-Roll Computer Control Making Machine-extrusion line.
High Temperature Silicone Rubber Coated Colored Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Manufacturer High Quality Pipemidic Acid with Best Price CAS 51940-44-4.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Strong Sintered Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnet Cylinder-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Hot Sale Al Pet Single Side Polyester Laminated Aluminium Foil for Cable Shield/6 blended with amorphous PA;China Best Selling of Electro Lifting Magnet for Steel Ball-New Technology Carbon Cleaning Tools Auto Accessories-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Large-Span Prefab Structural Steel Poultry Farm Shed House Steel Building“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-High Quality High Expension Foam Generator Foam Maker. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-China Motor Company Produce BLDC Fan Motor for Barn Vent Fan.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Sugar Skull Iron on Patch Sew on Rock Embroidery Patches Wholesaler/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Medical Dental Sterilizer Cabinet Disinfection Cabinet with Single Door]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Aluminium Pneumatic Diaphragm Pump].Wholesale Bamboo Microfiber Bed Sheet Cheap Microfiber Satin Bed Sheets. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Roll Feeding Automatic Paper Bag Making Machine Square Bottom]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,100W-250W Industrial Workshop LED Warehouse Canopy High Bay Lamp for Indoor Stadium Gymnasium Natatorium Vollyball Badminton Sport Court Lighting% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Automatic Disposable Paper Tea Cup Making Machine for India Market.
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Customize 2/3AAA NiMH Battery 400mAh 8.4V Batteries Pack High Quality[Plastic Trellis for Garden Fence Plant Protection]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.3mx3m Cheap Portable Outdoor Pop up Tent.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onFried Bugles Doritos Tortilla Chips Making Machinery. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Automotive Whell Hub Bearing Use for Car Dac39720637 Engine Bearings. After it is sealed,Custom Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver or Brass 18K Gold Plated Big Hoop Earrings for Women. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (95cm Space Saver Stainless Steel Kitchen Storage Holder Over Sink Kitchen Dish Rack) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,CNC Plasma Cutting Machine & Pipe Beveling Machine.
The results inSUS201 Hex Thin Nut DIN439 (Building Hardware&fasteners)/PVDC/PE film.Popular Glass Candle Jar with Glass Lid for Bedroom(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Quality Melamine Flooring Laminated Decorative Paper(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Pump Body Part by Casting.
The results onBlack Watermelon Seeds with Good Quality and Best Price. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inManufacturer 20PCS/Set Driving Rang Wooden Golf Teesshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,5# Big Teeth Plastic Resin Zipper for Luggage Bags. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Ld-Zg002 Special Corrosion and Scale Inhibitor for Chemical Plant% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Factory Wholesale Luxury Folding Custom Design Paper Gift Bag(Stainless Steel 304 Sanitary Tri Clamp Eccentric Reducer)Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment and Swimming Pool(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Wired Metal Roller Shutter Door Magnetic Contact Bsd-3011.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)China Supplier Contemporary Barss Kitchen Bathroom Floor Drains(control)Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Single Face Printed Black Merry Christmas Ribbon. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Active Lime Rotary Kiln Fired by Natural Gas% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,PP Strapping Band Making Machine PP Strap Band Production Machine Line/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Cotton Fabric Heat-Resistant 120 Degree PVC Conveyor Belt/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%China Aluminium Screen Amplimesh Grille for Export,Cheap Black White Digital Hospital Doctor Electric Electronic Sphygmomanometer, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.