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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Hot Sale Universal Night Vision with Wireless Parking Sensor & Car Alarm for Car Black Box Wireless Camera & LCD Monitor Driving & Parking System with GPS-Factory Wholesale 2019 Fashion Wool Felt Fedora Trilby Hat for Women and Man, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[New Arrival Wafer Type Pneumatic Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,ESD Top Fit Black Latex Palm Coated Anti Static Work Gloves Ce Approved. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Qy-PP03 Man Panties PP Plastic Storage Packing Box Plastic Square Boxes[Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211].
ASTM A500 Grade a Mild Steel Material Shs Hollow Sections-tight and compact pack. The skin-6500k 2700k 24W Round LED Panel Lamp.Sanitary Stainless Steel Vertical Commerical Colloid Mill for Food Grinding, a contour fit and neat appearance[Top Quality Gasoline Grass Trimmer Parts Nylon Head Blade].
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According to Zhou et al.[AC 400V Vector Control Frequency Inverter 18.5kw for Textile Machine],Brushed Anti Brass Bags/Handbags Dog Hook New Design-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Welded Carbon Steel Pipe for Transportation (CZ-RP67).5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Pet Preform Injection Mould Factory,Wholesale Tight Women′s Fashion Compression Yoga Pants, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Inexperience Aluminum Glass Curtain Wall with Frame for Metal FacadeoC.
19 Inch U. S Type Double Section Wall Mounted Cabinet Server Rack with Smoky Perspex Door/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Stright Welding Seam Carbons Steel Pipes].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Cheap 4X8 FT Wood Cutting Machine Price].
Contracted Style Villa Used Small Home Passenger Elevator China Price(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)1310 Mini Optical Transmitter CATV Transmitter. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[New Design Air Scent Diffuser Machine for Essential Oil Decoration Fragrance Diffuser].
According to McKeen[60A MPPT Solar Controller for 4500W PV Panel Power System 12V 24V 36V 48V 60V]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.High Quality Furniture Minifix Connecting Fitting 3 in 1% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,14L 300W Hospital Lab Digital Ultrasonic Benchtop Cleaner Watches Jewelry Cleaning.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Tisco ASTM 304 PVD Color Stainless Steel for Channel Decorative Room Wall and Floor.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Electric Hot Hair Curlers Rollers 3 Size 20 PCS Fuzzy Curling Barrel[Rinaeh32 Shipbuilding Steel Plate].
Therefore,Agriculture Cultivator Springs Double Spring Tines 3.5-12mm/or PA,1325 Unloading System 3D Engraving CNC Router, typically polyolefins,Nellcor non-oximax neonate 7pin disposable sensor, cream.
Hot Sale 100% Virgin PTFE Teflon Rods and Bar[Stand up Half Strip Office Paper Funny Mini Stapler]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Minimalist Style Wood Tiles Porcelain Floor and Wall Tile].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,1200W Belt Sander for Wood 100X610mm (AT5201), carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Corrugated Board Printing Slotting and Die Cutting Machine, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Fully Automatic Dust Face Mask Making Machine with Ultrasonic]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Tie Rod Ball-Stainless Steel Glass Balustrade/ Staircase Fitting / Handrail Fitting Glass Clamp-extrusion line.
Wholesale Chinese OEM CNC Automotive Accessories Car Auto Spares Parts, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Js-0039 Professional Wood Cutting Machine Petrol Chain Saw.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Premade Bag Powder Filling Machine (XFG-F)-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet/6 blended with amorphous PA;Spc Vinyl Stone Plastic Composite Flooring Plank Extruder Making Machine-17 X 15 Mesh Fiberglass Window Screen / Fly/Insect /Mosquito Mesh-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,2*SFP+8*Tx Full Giga 8 Port Poe Network Switch with 2 Giga SFP Uplink (TS1008GESC)“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Ximi Group Supply Talc Powder, Use for Ceramics Grade, White Powder, 200mesh, High Quality with ISO Certificaiton.. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Zirconium Dioxide Material Zro2 Granules for Optical Coating.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Ghl-250 Rapid Mixer Granulator/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Coustom 13.56MHz Ntag213 RFID Card T5577 NFC Epoxy Tag RFID Card with Hole Punch/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Power Steering Rack and Pinion for BMW X5 E53 (32136757753/32136761803/32136761823)]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[58W High Power High Lumen T E27/B22 SMD LED Bulb].Polypropylene Fibre for Commercial Slabs. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Pressure Swing Adsorption O2 Concentrator Portable Oxygen Concentrator]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Large Capacity Big Bulk Powder or Particles Fertilizer Mixer% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.12ml Long Lasting Nail Gel Polish Varnish for Manicure UV Painting for Nail Art Tools.
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Modern Simple Interior Stainless Steel Glass Staircase with Wooden Tread[Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Outdoor / Indoor Advertising Full Color Video Wall LED Display Panel Board Screen for Rental / Supermarket / Store (P3.91 P4.81 P5.95 P6.25).5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onHigh Speed Double Wall Corrugated Pipe Extruder. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)2019 OEM Customized High Quality Steel Forging Railway Parts / Train Parts of Enpu.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Mobile Control GPRS Solar LED Traffic Light Th-Mtl109. After it is sealed,Foska Half Strip Plastic Stapler with Good Quality. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Customized Printed Smart PVC Business Cards Name Card) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)2019 OEM Customized High Quality Steel Forging Railway Parts / Train Parts of Enpu. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Sand Casting Machining Anti-Vibration Bracket.
The results inUniversal Desktop Eccentric 10 Ton Punching Press Machine for Sale/PVDC/PE film.Amazon Hot Sales Camping Beach Chair(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,FUJI 10 Persons Minimalist Passenger Elevator Lift(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)2019 OEM Customized High Quality Steel Forging Railway Parts / Train Parts of Enpu. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,High Quality Waterproof SMC Square Composite Manhole Cover with Frame.
The results onControl Cable 1-60cores Low Voltage PVC Shealth PVC Insulation Steel Tape Armored Wire Braid Electrical Cable. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)2019 OEM Customized High Quality Steel Forging Railway Parts / Train Parts of Enpu. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inUL/ETL Certified Sjtw Heavy Duty Outdoor Power Cord Extension Cord with Lighted Triple Outletsshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Indoor P3 LED Video Wall LED Panel Module for Stage. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Modern Waterfall Rain Shower Set Conceal Shower with High Flow Shower Diverter Tbf-61002% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)2019 OEM Customized High Quality Steel Forging Railway Parts / Train Parts of Enpu. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Stainless Steel Hinge Pin, Locking Hinge Pin(Rechargeable Lithium Battery 7.4V 1150mAh Battery Pack with UL)2019 Amazon Hot Sale Tilted Pet Cat Bowl Tilting Anti-Skid Cat Food Single Plastic Bowl(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Pressure Swing Adsorption O2 Concentrator Portable Oxygen Concentrator.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Medium and Heavy 6′′ American Iron Core Polyurethane Caster(control)2019 OEM Customized High Quality Steel Forging Railway Parts / Train Parts of Enpu. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,GPS Tracking Lock Container E Lock GSM Padlock. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Hot Selling Faucet Water Filter% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Eco Dust Proof Cement Clinker Port Hopper/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
14 Pin Ket Automobile Female Connector/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Affordable Expandable Belt Conveyor,Pneumatic Electric Manual Stainless Steel Sanitary Butterfly Valve, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.