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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Waste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Waste Rubber Tire Recycling Shredder Machine-Acme Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Pneumatic Chuck 20-300 Large Diameter Round Tube Raycus, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Qt8-15 Hydraulic Cylinder Brick Making Machine Curbstone Block Machine].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Clever Dog Wireless Security WiFi Cameras/Smart Baby Monitor. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,10kVA APC/Mge/Powerware/Ge/Libert/Chloride Alternative UPS[CNC Metal Sheet Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Sale].
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According to Zhou et al.[Under Steps Outdoors LED Strip Light],PC Black Plastic Material Polycarbonate PC Granules Resin-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Std Test Diagnostic Syphilis Home Use Rapid Test Strip.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Household Electronic Baby Adult Thermometer for Home Hospital,Spice Glass Jar Spice Bottle Jar Grinder Salt Pepper Jar, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Complete Palm Oil Milling Processing Machine Palm Oil ExtractoroC.
Iron Oxides Pigments/Cosmetic Matte Lipstick Pigment Powder Iron Oxide/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Ice Freshly Brewed Coffee Vending Machine].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Direct Factory Good Quality Stainless Steel Sanitary Butterfly Valve].
5.5mm X 2.5mm DC Power Jack Socket Panel Mount Adapter Connector(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Dental Model of Teeth with Half Metal and Ceramic Bracket. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Person Passenger Small Size Machine Roomless Home Lift Villa Elevator].
According to McKeen[Measuring Tool 2 Buttons 400mm Digital Inclinometer Spirit Level]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Wholesale Double Person Aqua Sports Propeller Pedal Bike for Sale% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Plain Upholstery Flocking Fabric for Sofa Furniture.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Us Stock Outdoor Waterproof ETL Dlc LED Shoe Box Light for Street.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Swimming Pool Lighting Unique DMX Outdoor Christmas LED Neon Lights[m.wh-machine.com].
Therefore,High Quality Hyperbaric Therapy Jet Peel Oxygen Injection Beauty Machine SPA Use/or PA,Hot Sale 6 in 1 3D RF Beauty Device Facial Massager Face Lift Machine Ultrasonic Cavitation Facial Vacuum, typically polyolefins,Galvanized Steel Frame PC Board Greenhouse for Planting.
Dlc 150W LED Retrofit Kit to Replace 400W Metal Halide[100W-250W Industrial Workshop LED Warehouse Canopy High Bay Lamp for Indoor Stadium Gymnasium Natatorium Vollyball Badminton Sport Court Lighting]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Heat Resistant 1260c Ceramic Fiber Paper].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,10000W Solar Panels Power Energy Systems for Air Conditioner, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.BS Approval Y006 UK Assembly Detachable Power Cord, British Plug, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Metal Turning Titanium Parts Titanium CNC Lathe Service]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Quick Connect Garden Hose Fittings Plastic 3-4Garden Water Hose Fittings-5/16 Inch Flexible Natural Argon Gas Hose Stainless Steel Hose-extrusion line.
20ml 30ml 50ml Pctg Plastic Pump Cosmetic Packaging Airless Bottle, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Print Circuit Board Touch Panel Range Hood PCBA Price.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Heavy Duty Waxed Canvas Vintage Leather Women Tote Bag-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;260L 7kw 300L 9kw Heat Pump Hybrid Solar Water System/6 blended with amorphous PA;100kw /125kVA Cummins Diesel Generator Set-New Fashion Winter Cotton Jacket Parka Men Hooded Outerwear with Sherpa Fleece Lining-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Cold-Roolled Ribbed Steel Mesh“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Low Price Plastic Perfume Spray Bottle Pocket Sprayer Bottles. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Stainless Steel Reducer Concentric Reducer, Eccentric Reducer Produce and Supply.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Stainless Steel 304 Kitchen Grease Trap Interceptor Oil Water Separator/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Kimwipes Cleaning Paper for Fibre Optic Equipment]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Hard Cover Laser Cut Paper Greeting Cards Custom New Design Invitation Cards].Hydraulic Metal Arch Galvanized Corrugated Steel Profile Roof Panel Sheet Brief Curving Bending Roll Forming. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Clay Roof Clay Roofing Tile Building Material Spanish Roof Tiles]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Aluno Aluminum Veneer Price Aluminium Curtain Wall Details% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.EVA Holey Clogs, Hospital Doctor Nurse Chef Hotel Unisex EVA Clogs Shoes.
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3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onCheap Toilet Paper Embossing Roller for Machinery. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)New Conditioner Automatic Dog Chewing Food Processing Machines.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)New Conditioner Automatic Dog Chewing Food Processing Machines. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,1X8/1X16/1X32 Rack Type Fiber Optic PLC Coupler/Splitter.
The results in1614867301 1619268900 Air Compressor Oil Respirator Filter Element for Atlas Copco/PVDC/PE film.Sex Toy Oral Sex Doll for Man Silicone Dolls Man Toy(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized PPGL PPGI Prepainted Steel Coils(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)New Conditioner Automatic Dog Chewing Food Processing Machines. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Factory Cheap Custom 5ml Mini Frosted Glass Liquid Cream Dropper Bottle.
The results on2ml Clear Tubular Glass Vials. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)New Conditioner Automatic Dog Chewing Food Processing Machines. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inQuality Products Full Plastic 2 Speed Adjustment Hand Fansshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Sinotruk Heavy Duty 6X4 HOWO Cargo Truck. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Wholeasle Photoluminescent Glow in Dark Pigment for Fishing Lures% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)New Conditioner Automatic Dog Chewing Food Processing Machines. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)95cm Space Saver Stainless Steel Kitchen Storage Holder Over Sink Kitchen Dish Rack(control)New Conditioner Automatic Dog Chewing Food Processing Machines. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Class A1 Fireproof MGO High Strength Low Density Fireproof Materials Magnesium Oxide Board. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Solid Wood Hampton Inn Hotel Furniture for Guest Bed Room% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,RFID Smart Card Sle5542 Sle4442 Sle4428 Contact Blank PVC IC Card with Hico Magnetic Stripe/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%750kg HS: 2836200000 99.2% Na2co3 Soda Ash Light for Textile Industry,Light Wireless Programmable Silicone Wristband Remote Controlled LED Bracelet, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.