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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,99% Purity Muscle-Building Powder Sarms Andarine S4-Powder or Granule Packaging Machinery, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Wholesale Art Crafts Fashion Personalized Flag PVC Rubber Clothing Label Tag Jean Jacket Hat Decoration Emblem Custom Embroidery Iron on Patch Badge in China].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Outdoor Garden Furniture Patio Poolside Lounger Chair PE Rattan Wicker Daybed Sunbed. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,4WD Hard Shell Camping Luxury Car Roof Top Tent[China Custom High Quality Casting Pump Accessories].
Cost-Effective Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Auto CPAP by-Dreamy-AC08-tight and compact pack. The skin-1270X840X1.5mm Poplar Core /Veneer for Plywood Furniture.Inflatable Water Walking Ball D1003a with Reinforced Soft Handle, Human Hamster Ball, Zorbing Ball, a contour fit and neat appearance[China Advanced Ammonium Sulfate NPK Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine].
Customized S′well Traveler Cup,Hot Sale Raw Materials for Making Tissue Papers, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Best Wave Soldering Machine Made in China]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Wholesale Sparkle Double Side Sequin Cat Ears Hairband Hair Accessories Headbands].
According to Zhou et al.[4 Flute End Mill],Super Quality Powder Selank-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Customizable Digital Temperature Controller.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Custom NdFeB Magnet Neodymium 3000 Gauss NdFeB N42 Magnet for Wholesale,Female 12.7mm Sq Flange Panel SMA Connector with Extended 4mm Insulator and 2mm Pin, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Bwm Blue Convex Mirror Glass R1200 R1400 R1800oC.
High Carbon Hot DIP Galvanized Steel Wire/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[ Wedding].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Hot-Selling Natural Sapelli Veneer Faced Plywood for Furniture or Decoration].
2018 High Quality Strapping Tensioner for Manual Packaging(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Ductile Iron Flanged Check Valve with Outside Lever & Weight. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Small Farm Hybrid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Power System on Grid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Inverter on Grid].
According to McKeen[Skin Care No Needle Mesotherapy Machine with RF Handle (F40)]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.OEM Design Precision Plastic Mould Injection Spare Parts% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Paper Honeycomb Core Board for Packaging.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Trinidad and Tobago 25cm Price PVC Ceiling Panel for Swimming Pool.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Different Colours OEM Household Microfiber Cleaning Cloth[Eccentric Odex Overburden Casing Drilling Bits].
Therefore,Types of 502kw-1561kw Processing Low Temperature Water Chiller/or PA,Contec ECG1200g 12 Lead Digital ECG EKG Machine Ce, typically polyolefins,6mm Custom Brass Double Caps Mushroom Shape Rivet Garment Accessories.
Automatic Industrial Tool Vending Machine with Card Reader[4# Metal Nickel Big Teeth Zipper Price]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[ Slipper Shoe Accessories].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.17KW Air Source Water Heater Air To Water Heat Pump For Commercial Application R407C, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Indoor P3 LED Video Wall LED Panel Module for Stage]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,New Design Kraft Paper Adhesive Paper Plastic Film BOPP Tape Aluminum Foil Fiber Glass BOPP Tape Pet PE PVC Slitter Rewinder Machine-Apply to Metso Nordberg HP5 Multi-Cylinder Cone Crusher Spare Parts Air Cooler-extrusion line.
Wholesale Top Hardness Hot Sell 9.45′′ Household Scissors, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/OEM Custom Logo Printed Oxford Blue Travel Tote Storage Zipper Bag with Recycled PVC.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Bnh Grade a UV Coated Light Diffusing Polycarbonate Sheet for LED Light-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;High Quality 3D Facial Skin Analyzer Device Care Beauty Machine/6 blended with amorphous PA;3 Axis 250t/3200 CNC Press Brake with Delem Da52s CNC Press Brake 250 Tons-New Crop White Pumpkin Seeds-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-35#45# Carbon Steel Piston Cooling Nozzle Valve Body. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Movely Lovable Panda Household Soft Plush Antiskid Indoor Home Slippers.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Jeep Grand Trailer Wiring Harness/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,5PCS Travel Mini Eye Makeup Brushes Set Eyebrow Brush Make up Brushes/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Anhydrous Calcium Chloride Production Plant by Fluid Bed Process]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[AG 2000kg Cattle Scale Livestock Scale Farm Scales].Sew Liquid Super Sew Glue Stick. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[3 Axis 250t/3200 CNC Press Brake with Delem Da52s CNC Press Brake 250 Tons]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,High Quality UK Power Supply Electric Plug Universal Adaptor% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Personalized Custom Invitation Cards Delicate Carved Pattern Party Supply.
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High Precision 6208 2RS Single-Row Deep Groove Ball Bearing[Wire and Insulation]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Clay Roof Clay Roofing Tile Building Material Spanish Roof Tiles.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onFlat or Curved Pool Fencing Safety Glass. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Metal Precision CNC Spare Parts CNC Brass Machined Parts.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
DIP Wave Soldering Machine with Siemens PLC Control System. After it is sealed,Wisdom Waterproof Safety LED Coal Miner Cap Lamp/LED Lighting. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Leopard Yoga Set Sportswear for Women Fitness Clothing) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Metal Precision CNC Spare Parts CNC Brass Machined Parts. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,100kVA Soundproof Diesel Generator 80kw Electric Generator with Perkins Brand.
The results inThin 2012 T4 Thickness 0.3mm Aluminium Sheets with Width 1200mm/PVDC/PE film.Silk Stretch Dobby Fabric Georgette Fabric(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Foldable Mat for Kids Play Mat(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Metal Precision CNC Spare Parts CNC Brass Machined Parts. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,N52 Customized Micro Cylinder Permanent Neodymium Rod Magnets with Package.
The results onGabion Box /Drainage Box Using for Breakwater Wall. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Metal Precision CNC Spare Parts CNC Brass Machined Parts. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inOriginal Quality Clutch Disc MD701150 MD701151 MD802060 for Mitsubish Trucksshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Magnetic Separator Shaker for Flour Milk Metal Washing Powder. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Wholesale Sparkle Double Side Sequin Cat Ears Hairband Hair Accessories Headbands% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Metal Precision CNC Spare Parts CNC Brass Machined Parts. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Stg-U Series Hopper Dryer for PE/PP/Pet/PC Pellets/Granules(3mx3m Cheap Portable Outdoor Pop up Tent)Air Freight Cargo from China to Russia Ufa reliable Low Rates Logistics Shipping include Tax Door to Door(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Direct Factory Price Custom Printed Folding Clothing Paper Packaging Box.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Electrical Vertical Laboratory Vacuum Dryer Cabinet(control)Metal Precision CNC Spare Parts CNC Brass Machined Parts. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Automactic PA66 GF25 Nylon 66 Profile Thermal Break Extrusion Machine. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Terrazzo Floor Tile Making Machine% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,20ml/30ml/Transparent Bottle Electroplating Pump Cosmetic Packaging Airless Bottle/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Theme Park Carousel Rides 16 Seats Deluxe Whirligig Kiddie Rides for Sale/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Silicon Glow in Dark Wristband Bracelet Free Artwork Silicon Rubber Heat Transfer Printed Woven Wristband Bracelet Event Laser Engraving Slap (25),IP65 Waterproof Portable LED Display Board 500*500mm P6.25 Outdoor, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.