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1. Introduction
China Motor Company Produce BLDC Fan Motor for Barn Vent Fan[Small Size/Type/Model CNC CO2 Laser Cutting Engraving Cutter Manufacture/Factory].Sugar Skull Iron on Patch Sew on Rock Embroidery Patches Wholesaler.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,D363h/Y Welded Tri-Eccentric Metal Hard Sealed Butterfly Valve-Wholesale Bamboo Microfiber Bed Sheet Cheap Microfiber Satin Bed Sheets, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[m.nsen-valve.com].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Ultrasonic Non Woven Outside Mask Ear Loop Welding Machine. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,100W-250W Industrial Workshop LED Warehouse Canopy High Bay Lamp for Indoor Stadium Gymnasium Natatorium Vollyball Badminton Sport Court Lighting[All Size Thickness Clear Opal White Black Acrylic Sheet Acrilicos Jinan Factroy].
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3mx3m Cheap Portable Outdoor Pop up Tent,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Aluminum Camlock Reducing Female Coupler Male Adapter Rubber Hose Fitting]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Electric Magic Hot Hair Styling Curling Iron with Brushes].
According to Zhou et al.[500v Electrical Cable],Automotive Whell Hub Bearing Use for Car Dac39720637 Engine Bearings-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Custom Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver or Brass 18K Gold Plated Big Hoop Earrings for Women.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.CNC Plasma Cutting Machine & Pipe Beveling Machine,SUS201 Hex Thin Nut DIN439 (Building Hardware&fasteners), that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Popular Glass Candle Jar with Glass Lid for BedroomoC.
Quality Melamine Flooring Laminated Decorative Paper/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Dimmable Solar Charging Antique Lantern Hurricane Lantern Kerosene Lantern Solar Lamp].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[5/16 Inch Flexible Natural Argon Gas Hose Stainless Steel Hose].
Pump Body Part by Casting(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Black Watermelon Seeds with Good Quality and Best Price. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Building Materials Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Stair Tread Grating].
According to McKeen[Custom Service Plastic Rubber and Metal Part for Auto]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Cotton Picking Machine Small Electric Harvester Machine Cotton Picker% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,5# Big Teeth Plastic Resin Zipper for Luggage Bags.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Ld-Zg002 Special Corrosion and Scale Inhibitor for Chemical Plant.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Cleaning Tool Cotton Mop[Dextra Fortec Type Standard Rebar Coupler (12-40mm)].
Therefore,Factory Wholesale Luxury Folding Custom Design Paper Gift Bag/or PA,Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment and Swimming Pool, typically polyolefins,Wired Metal Roller Shutter Door Magnetic Contact Bsd-3011.
China Supplier Contemporary Barss Kitchen Bathroom Floor Drains[High Flex Mdr 26 to SDR 26 Power Over Cable with Thumbscrews Locking and PVC Jacket]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Anon Maize Sweet Corn Silage Combine Harvester].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Single Face Printed Black Merry Christmas Ribbon, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Active Lime Rotary Kiln Fired by Natural Gas, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[PE Water Supply Pipes Good Pipes 30 Years]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,PP Strapping Band Making Machine PP Strap Band Production Machine Line-Cotton Fabric Heat-Resistant 120 Degree PVC Conveyor Belt-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Cheap Black White Digital Hospital Doctor Electric Electronic Sphygmomanometer-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;2019 High Technical Microwave EPDM/SBR/NBR/Silicone Rubber Extruding and Vulcanizing Machine/6 blended with amorphous PA;Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet-Waterproof Fireproof Commercial Vinyl PVC Bethroom Wall Tile-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Landscape Grass Artificial Grass Yarn 4-Tone Pets Garden“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Hydraulic Motorcycle/Bike Stand Lifting Jack Stand. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-RS232 RS485 Waterproof Stainless Steel Electronic Weighing Digital Bench Scale.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Pen and Business Leather Notebook Gift Set/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Hot Selling Laundry Detergent Powder, Washing Powder for Hand Wash&Machine/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Hot Sale 6.5 Inch Car Audio MID Bass Speaker Driver Horn 4 Ohm]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[China Electronic Fly Killer Mosquito Killer Trap Lamp Manufacturers].Tattoo Removal Q Switch ND YAG Laser Beauty Machine. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Patio Outdoor Swing Frame with Slide]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Self Balancing Adjustable Boring Tool% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.MPET Film for Packing and Insulation.
2.Pultruded FRP Fiberglass Square Tube/FRP Fiberglass Structural Profiles
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3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onNew Lower Price Jewelry Digital Pocket Scale. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Colorful Sand Surface Bitumen Waterproof Material Factory Price.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Colorful Sand Surface Bitumen Waterproof Material Factory Price. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Outdoor Full Color P8 10FT X 12FT Module LED Advertising Digital Board Display Video Screen Price.
The results inLatest Fashion Brooch for Sale Rhinestone Brooch for Women Costume Red and Blue Bowknot Brooch (EB06)/PVDC/PE film.Epitalon CAS 307297-39-8(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Manufacturing CNC Turning Bike Car Auto Truck Spare Accessories Parts(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Colorful Sand Surface Bitumen Waterproof Material Factory Price. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Unique Chubby Fish Foundation Brush Blush Glitter Custom Label Mermaid Makeup Brush Set.
The results onRechargeable Lithium Battery 7.4V 1150mAh Battery Pack with UL. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Colorful Sand Surface Bitumen Waterproof Material Factory Price. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inCompatible Spacelabs 714-0018-00 NIBP Interconnect Hoseshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Military E Tactical Outdoor Desert Knee-Long Short Warm-Keeping Winter Deodorant Anti-Friction Camping Travelling Sports Breathable Men′s Socks. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Electro Galvanized Knotted Dog Chain Cow Chain with Snap Hook% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Colorful Sand Surface Bitumen Waterproof Material Factory Price. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Chocolate Ball Mill Machine in Ss(Dual Lens FHD1080p with Sony Imx323 WiFi GPS Car DVR Recorder 170 Degree View Dash Camera)Custom Agriculture Use Roller Ring Breaker Ring Spare Part(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,High Flex Mdr 26 to SDR 26 Power Over Cable with Thumbscrews Locking and PVC Jacket.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Jiulong Steel Grating with Ce Approval(control)Colorful Sand Surface Bitumen Waterproof Material Factory Price. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,CNC Metal Sheet Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Sale. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,High Quality Aluminum Alloy Water Bike for Aquatic Park/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Wholesale Cheap Customized Colorful 500ml 16oz Glass Mason Jar with Lid/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%CNC Machine Dust Bellow Covers Accordion Bellow Cover,2018 Newest Sport Logo Custom Iron on Woven Embroidery Patches, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.