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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Synthetic Lawn for Playground-Adjustable Aluminum Solar Mounting System, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[2019 Portable 4K Resolution Sony Len WiFi Mini CCTV DVR Video Recorder Car Key Camera].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,100% Polyester Printed Compression Yoga Legging. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Surveillance Mini Wireless Mobile Video Transmitter[Union/Elbow/Tee/Cross/Nipple Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings].
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Powder or Granule Packaging Machinery,Outdoor Garden Furniture Patio Poolside Lounger Chair PE Rattan Wicker Daybed Sunbed, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Wholesale Double Person Aqua Sports Propeller Pedal Bike for Sale]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Control Cable 1-60cores Low Voltage PVC Shealth PVC Insulation Steel Tape Armored Wire Braid Electrical Cable].
According to Zhou et al.[www.bmspd.com],4WD Hard Shell Camping Luxury Car Roof Top Tent-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Cost-Effective Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Auto CPAP by-Dreamy-AC08.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.1270X840X1.5mm Poplar Core /Veneer for Plywood Furniture,Inflatable Water Walking Ball D1003a with Reinforced Soft Handle, Human Hamster Ball, Zorbing Ball, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Customized S′well Traveler CupoC.
Hot Sale Raw Materials for Making Tissue Papers/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Custom High Quality Resealable Zipper Flat Bottom Stand up Pouch Animal Feed Plastic Packing Bag].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[HDPE Pipe Water-Supply PE80 Polyethylene PE Pipe].
Super Quality Powder Selank(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Customizable Digital Temperature Controller. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[2018 Hot Sale Made in Shanghai China Candor Factory Flexible 12V/24V LED Lighting Strip].
According to McKeen[12V DC worm gear brushless motor for medical equipment]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Custom NdFeB Magnet Neodymium 3000 Gauss NdFeB N42 Magnet for Wholesale% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Female 12.7mm Sq Flange Panel SMA Connector with Extended 4mm Insulator and 2mm Pin.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Bwm Blue Convex Mirror Glass R1200 R1400 R1800.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)High Carbon Hot DIP Galvanized Steel Wire[Adhesive Bonded Magnet Manufacturer Cheap Price Sale].
Therefore,2018 High Quality Strapping Tensioner for Manual Packaging/or PA,Ductile Iron Flanged Check Valve with Outside Lever & Weight, typically polyolefins,OEM Design Precision Plastic Mould Injection Spare Parts.
Paper Honeycomb Core Board for Packaging[OEM Electrical Wire Harness]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Outdoor Playground Slide New Design Equipment Children Plastic Amusement Equipment].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Trinidad and Tobago 25cm Price PVC Ceiling Panel for Swimming Pool, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Different Colours OEM Household Microfiber Cleaning Cloth, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Quality Melamine Flooring Laminated Decorative Paper]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Types of 502kw-1561kw Processing Low Temperature Water Chiller-Contec ECG1200g 12 Lead Digital ECG EKG Machine Ce-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;17KW Air Source Water Heater Air To Water Heat Pump For Commercial Application R407C/6 blended with amorphous PA;New Design Kraft Paper Adhesive Paper Plastic Film BOPP Tape Aluminum Foil Fiber Glass BOPP Tape Pet PE PVC Slitter Rewinder Machine-Apply to Metso Nordberg HP5 Multi-Cylinder Cone Crusher Spare Parts Air Cooler-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Wholesale Top Hardness Hot Sell 9.45′′ Household Scissors“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-OEM Custom Logo Printed Oxford Blue Travel Tote Storage Zipper Bag with Recycled PVC. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Bnh Grade a UV Coated Light Diffusing Polycarbonate Sheet for LED Light.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,High Quality 3D Facial Skin Analyzer Device Care Beauty Machine/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Hydrafacial Water Cleaning Skin Peel Facial Beauty Machine]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[High Quality UK Power Supply Electric Plug Universal Adaptor].New Crop White Pumpkin Seeds. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[CNC Machine Dust Bellow Covers Accordion Bellow Cover]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,35#45# Carbon Steel Piston Cooling Nozzle Valve Body% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Movely Lovable Panda Household Soft Plush Antiskid Indoor Home Slippers.
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3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onE5c2 Pointer Display Temperature Controller. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)DIN 436 Stainless Steel 304 A2-70 Slotted Flat Square Washer.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
High Quality UK Power Supply Electric Plug Universal Adaptor. After it is sealed,Personalized Custom Invitation Cards Delicate Carved Pattern Party Supply. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Customized ABS Plastic Prototype CNC Machining for Medical Prototype) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)DIN 436 Stainless Steel 304 A2-70 Slotted Flat Square Washer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame.
The results inHigh Precision 6208 2RS Single-Row Deep Groove Ball Bearing/PVDC/PE film.Clay Roof Clay Roofing Tile Building Material Spanish Roof Tiles(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Metal Precision CNC Spare Parts CNC Brass Machined Parts(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)DIN 436 Stainless Steel 304 A2-70 Slotted Flat Square Washer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,DIP Wave Soldering Machine with Siemens PLC Control System.
The results onWisdom Waterproof Safety LED Coal Miner Cap Lamp/LED Lighting. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)DIN 436 Stainless Steel 304 A2-70 Slotted Flat Square Washer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in2019 Unisex Adults Black Twill Fabric with White Mesh and Embroidery Printed Logo Snapback Baseball Golf Capshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Thin 2012 T4 Thickness 0.3mm Aluminium Sheets with Width 1200mm. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Silk Stretch Dobby Fabric Georgette Fabric% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)DIN 436 Stainless Steel 304 A2-70 Slotted Flat Square Washer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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N52 Customized Micro Cylinder Permanent Neodymium Rod Magnets with Package(New 30000CMH Industrial Roof Mounted Evaporative Air Cooler)Gabion Box /Drainage Box Using for Breakwater Wall(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Newly Air Freshener Machine K401 Office Scent Machine.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Magnetic Separator Shaker for Flour Milk Metal Washing Powder(control)DIN 436 Stainless Steel 304 A2-70 Slotted Flat Square Washer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Wholesale Sparkle Double Side Sequin Cat Ears Hairband Hair Accessories Headbands. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Laser Welded Circular Diamond Saw Blade Cutting Tool (JL-LWDB)% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Stg-U Series Hopper Dryer for PE/PP/Pet/PC Pellets/Granules/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Electrical Vertical Laboratory Vacuum Dryer Cabinet,Automactic PA66 GF25 Nylon 66 Profile Thermal Break Extrusion Machine, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.