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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Data Transmission Hydropower Plant Pressure Flow Measurement RTU Remote Monitoring Terminal Earth1006-Sanitary Ware Stainless Steel 304 Nano Technology Kitchen Wash Basin Sink, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Baby Boy Romper Set Manufacturers Cheap Price].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Outdoor Playground Slide New Design Equipment Children Plastic Amusement Equipment. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,100% New Materials Pneumatic PU Color Hose for Auto Parts (3*5mm*200m)[Automatic Soy Milk Powder Production Line Machine].
Cheap Price 2000W Pure Sine Wave 24V 110V 220V Home Solar System Inverter-tight and compact pack. The skin-13 to 27 Single Screen Monitor Arm with Spring Structure.China Concentric R Series Helical Gear Speed Reducer, a contour fit and neat appearance[Polyester / Pet (Mylar) Film on Rolls in Milky Color].
2000lbs Manual Hand Winch Zinc Plated,225mm 110 Volt AC Electric Motors Cooling Axial Fan (FJ22081MAB), toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Soft Endoscopy Mouthpiece]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[LED 60W All in One Solar Street Light with Good Price].
According to Zhou et al.[Basketball Football Plastic Sport Water Bottle with Locking Lid (HDP-0954)],63-160mm Socket/PPR Fusion Welding Machine-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Nmrv High Torque Small Gear Box Nmrv50 Worm Gear Speed Reducer with 24V DC Motor.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Cold Laminated Film Yellow Paper Cheap Membrane,Custom High Quality Resealable Zipper Flat Bottom Stand up Pouch Animal Feed Plastic Packing Bag, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Building Wall Decoration Acm Material for Outdoor or IndooroC.
Miniature PCB Relay Power Relay for Household Appliances &Industrial Use/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[IP65 Waterproof Portable LED Display Board 500*500mm P6.25 Outdoor].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[ PVC].
Stainless Steel Garlic Press Chopper Crusher Mincer G-0399j(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Union/Elbow/Tee/Cross/Nipple Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Wholesale Big Capacity 3000ml Dark Green Glass Champagne Bottle].
According to McKeen[Dh48s-S 0.1s-99h Outlet Timer 24 Hour Digital Remote Timer Switch]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.High Weather Fastness Metallic Thread for Outdoor Clothes/Shoes% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Hot Sales M33 X 120mm Grade 12 High Strength 45 Steel Forged Stud Bolts and Nuts.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Aluminum Camlock Reducing Female Coupler Male Adapter Rubber Hose Fitting.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Perforated PVDF Coated Aluminum Composite Panel[Commercial Cubic Rough Cut White Brown Tea Coffee Lump Sugar Machine].
Therefore,Factory Wholesale Cheapest Children Training Dancewear Ballet Dance Dress/or PA,1350 Aluminum /Aluminium Bus Pipe Tube, typically polyolefins,Dahu Fashinon HD IR Fisheye CCTV IP Camera.
Small Farm Hybrid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Power System on Grid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Inverter on Grid[Foska Half Strip Plastic Stapler with Good Quality]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Yrf Luxurious Hotel Room Decorative Cushion Cover Back Support Cushion].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Custom Plastic Acrylic Fancy Chocolate Box Packing, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.2194230012 for Mercedes Benz Auto Spare Parts Brake Disc, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[ White Powder]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Manufacturer Wholesale Spc Plank Flooring with IXPE-115mm Segmented Saw Blade for Concrete Cutting-extrusion line.
Multi-Function Fitting-up Station, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Automatic Vertical Round Bottle Labelling Sticking Packing Machine.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
4K UHD Interactive Boards with Touch Panel Displays for Teaching-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Ized Enamel Police/ Coin Badge Collection Enamel Police Coin Usacapsules Case Flip France Antique Marathon Running Coin Purse (253)/6 blended with amorphous PA;Factory Price Square Curly Edage Rolled Rim Painted Black Enamel Bowl-Turkish Luxury Big/ Large Size U Shape Drawing Room Sofa-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,3um 5um 10um 17um 23um PTFE Micropowder for Coating Lubricant“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Organic Tomato Powder. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Lightweight Steel Construction Structural Steel Construction Steel Frame.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Europe Standard Ejector Sleeve Wear Resistance for Pin Mold/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Customized ABS Plastic Prototype CNC Machining for Medical Prototype/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Chaozhou Factory White Ceramic Appetizer Bowl on Sale]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[New Crop White Pumpkin Seeds].RFID Cards RFID Silicone Wristbands RFID Key Tags with Personalization. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Hot Sell with 12 Sets Hose Crimping Tool 220V 4-51mm with Big Discount]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,HDPE Pipe Water-Supply PE80 Polyethylene PE Pipe% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.on Sale Stage Lighting Aluminum Truss.
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Rubber Hose Crimping Machine with Different Sizes[China With Pedal]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Hot Sell with 12 Sets Hose Crimping Tool 220V 4-51mm with Big Discount.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onAffordable Expandable Belt Conveyor. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Cheap Toilet Paper Embossing Roller for Machinery.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Threaded NPT 200wog Casting Swing Check Valve. After it is sealed,Factory Price Hand Press Injection Molding Machine. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (China Factory Manufacture Excavator Heavy Duty Rock Breaking Hydraulic Breaker) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Cheap Toilet Paper Embossing Roller for Machinery. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Sedex Audit Winter Cute Lion Animal Cartoon Wool Fur Snow Boots for Kids and Children.
The results inForged Carbon Steel Flange Welding Neck Flange/PVDC/PE film.Customized Printed Smart PVC Business Cards Name Card(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Wholesale Shape Clear Glass Mason Jar for Kitchen Storage(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Cheap Toilet Paper Embossing Roller for Machinery. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,New Design High Quality Alminum Sandwich Panel High Pressure Laminate.
The results onRoll Feeding Automatic Paper Bag Making Machine Square Bottom. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Cheap Toilet Paper Embossing Roller for Machinery. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inIndustry Rotary Dryer for Lime in Vacuum Drying Machineshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Excellent Tensile Shingle Roofs EVA Waterproof Material. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Bus Video Security CCTV Camera% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Cheap Toilet Paper Embossing Roller for Machinery. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Black Pallet Wrap Stretch Plastic Film, Stretch Film(Gold Aluminum Foil Heat Reflective Reflect-a-Gold Sheet)2018 Hot Sale Made in Shanghai China Candor Factory Flexible 12V/24V LED Lighting Strip(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Pink Plush Binding Suit 8 Piece Suit Bondage for Couple Flirting Adult Sex Game Sex Toy for Men.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Waste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Waste Rubber Tire Recycling Shredder Machine(control)Cheap Toilet Paper Embossing Roller for Machinery. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Acme Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Pneumatic Chuck 20-300 Large Diameter Round Tube Raycus. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Clever Dog Wireless Security WiFi Cameras/Smart Baby Monitor% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,10kVA APC/Mge/Powerware/Ge/Libert/Chloride Alternative UPS/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Multifunction Salon Use Skin Rejuvenation Ultrasound Body Salon Use 4D Cavitation RF Slimming Machine,Factory Supply Park Garden Music Dancing Water Feature Fountain, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.