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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Plastic Supplier UHMWPE Board /Engineering Plastics Manufacturer Wholesale UHMWPE Sheets-Strong Sintered N35 NdFeB Motor Magnet Rare Earth Permanent Magnet, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Concrete Additive].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,ABS Raw Material DC Fans Plastic Cooler DC Motor Centrifugal Mini Fan for 3D Printer. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,25mm Stainless Steel Waterproof Metal LED 12V 24V 220V Indicator Lamp Metal LED Indicator Lamp[Cylindrical Roller/Taper Roller/Thrust Roller Bearing All Kinds of Roller Bearings].
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G80 Self Colored Safety Latch Clevis Slip Hook Hardware Rigging,P5 Waterproof Outdoor Full Color LED Display Screen for Advertising, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Top Quality Double-Face Hammer with 100% Plastic-Coated Handle Series Hand Tools]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Lightweight Partition Wall Panel Building Lightweight Hollow Core Wall Panel].
According to Zhou et al.[20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional Cross-Country Motorcycle/Motor/Motorbike Tubeless/Tube Tire Dirt Bike Scooter ATV Mrf Rubber Tire/Tyre B067 2.75-21],Classical Unisex Metal Sunglasses Ks1291-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)2016 New Designs Emboss Pattern Crossbody Bag for Women.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018,Sintered NdFeB Strong Permanent Magnet for BLDC Motor, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Hot Selling Solid Tungsten Carbide Turning Tool Bar Cutting Tool Arbor in High Precision Factory PriceoC.
Extruder Snacks Food Processing Machine/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Air Conditioner Ntc 10K Thermister Temperature Sensor Probe].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Beer Glass Chiller for Bar].
Downhill Model Pharmaceutial Machine Tablet Deduster Polisher Machine(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)1.5/1.8/2.1m Brush Cutter. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Diesel Driven Water Pump Multistage].
According to McKeen[Silicone Rubber Wire and Cable Extrusion/Extruder/Extruding Machine]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.New Lower Price Jewelry Digital Pocket Scale% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Fashion Golden Plated Crown Tip Commercial Steel Door Hinge.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)4000psi Stainless ISO7241A Quick Coupling[Tungstenside Shield Assy].
Therefore,Wholesale Adult-Size Flushable Wet Wipes Custom Wet Tissues/or PA,Curved Glass with Piston Service Showcase for Convenient Store Css-3912fa, typically polyolefins,Club Car Lead Acid Battery Charger Bx Series with High Quality.
Wholesale 2018 Top Design Women Fashion Jewelry Accessories Fashion Wedding Tassel Earrings[Theme Park Carousel Rides 16 Seats Deluxe Whirligig Kiddie Rides for Sale]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[3rt1025-3vb40 Motor Control Non-Reversing AC Contactor].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Sludge Treatment Recycle Water Treatment Dewatering Machine Price, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Hydraulic Motorcycle/Bike Stand Lifting Jack Stand]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,H Beam Steel Frame for Steel House Prefabricated House Steel Structure House-Health Food OEM High Quality Pine Pollen Tablets-extrusion line.
30g/H Portable Installation Ocean Aquarium Ozone Water Generator, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Glass-Lined Equipment From 50 to 30000L.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Humic Acid Lignite Powder Pearl Granular Factory Price-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;China 5X5, 6X6 Gazebo Tent for Sale/6 blended with amorphous PA;Custom Made Die Castingzinc Alloy for Industrial Accessory-Ningbo Plastic Molding Manufacturer-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Sw-Cj-2fd Double-Single Vertical Air Supply Clean Bench“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-High Performance Rapid Roller Shutter (HF-0044). The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Cheap Promotional Pillow for Hotel /Home Textile (DPF10313).
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Aluminium Pneumatic Diaphragm Pump/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,33kv Distribution Line Automatic Step Voltage Regulator/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[ Black Excavator Track Rollers]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Waste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Waste Rubber Tire Recycling Shredder Machine].Top Quality Double-Face Hammer with 100% Plastic-Coated Handle Series Hand Tools. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.GJXFH Outdor Drop Cable 2 Core Fig 8 Type Patch Cord Optical Fiber Cable(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Export Steel Structural Hollow Section ASTM A500 Gra Shs/Rhs]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,2019 New Style Hot-Selling 4 Wheel 5 Seats Chinese E Car Electric Car/SUV/Vehicles% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Automatic Metal C Purlin Roll Forming Machine.
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M4 Liquid Booster Pump Various Good Quality[China Dovetail End Mills]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.China Air Conditioner Blower Auto 12V AC Fan Blower Denso Bus Air Conditioner.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onFiber Laser Marking Equipment for Exporting. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)White Long Sleeves Above Knee Length Daily Formal Bandage Dress.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)White Long Sleeves Above Knee Length Daily Formal Bandage Dress. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Mirror Finish 5052 Pure Aluminum Sheet.
The results in2019 Classic Casual Sneakers Custom Printed Canvas Men Shoes/PVDC/PE film.Low Pressure Polyurethane Memory Foam Foaming Machine(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,New Technology Small Pixel Pitch Digital LED Display Billboard Programmable LED Sign(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)White Long Sleeves Above Knee Length Daily Formal Bandage Dress. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Ozone Disinfector Ozone Cabinet for Sterilizing Clothes Shoes.
The results onPolyurethane Foam Sandwich Panel Machine. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)White Long Sleeves Above Knee Length Daily Formal Bandage Dress. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Customized Metal Material Products for Punching Stamping Part(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in6500k 2700k 24W Round LED Panel Lampshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,ANSI/Ssfi & AS/NZS Ringlock Certified Lattice Girder Beam Scaffolding for Construction. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Top Quality Multi-Wall Hollow Sheet& Sun Sheet-Hst% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)White Long Sleeves Above Knee Length Daily Formal Bandage Dress. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Plastic Industrial Sectional Garage Door Handle/PVC Handle
2019 Unisex Adults Black Twill Fabric with White Mesh and Embroidery Printed Logo Snapback Baseball Golf Cap(Polypropylene PP Corrugated Plastic Reusable Coroplast Other Bags & Cases Box)Notebook with Pen Gift Kit for Promotional Gift (P013)(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Wholesale Big Capacity 3000ml Dark Green Glass Champagne Bottle.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Silver Color and Q195 / Q235 / Q345 Material Scaffolding Plank/Zinc Galvanized Formwork Steel Plank(control)White Long Sleeves Above Knee Length Daily Formal Bandage Dress. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Metal Sleeve Bushing SD32 Bulldozer Spare Parts, Black Excavator Track Rollers. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%PE Water Supply Pipes Good Pipes 30 Years% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Plain Wallpaper Deep Embossed Heavy Single Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacturer in China/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Wave Spring (Sealing Material, sealing parts)/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000),Bio Take Away Food Box Rectangle Kraft Paper #8 - 46oz, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.