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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Organic Tomato Powder-Lightweight Steel Construction Structural Steel Construction Steel Frame, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Hala Certified Chinese Supplier Instant Black Tea Extract].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Europe Standard Ejector Sleeve Wear Resistance for Pin Mold. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Customized ABS Plastic Prototype CNC Machining for Medical Prototype[Best Wave Soldering Machine Made in China].
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on Sale Stage Lighting Aluminum Truss,Wire Metal Small Shopping Basket, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[ Wedding]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Hot-Selling Natural Sapelli Veneer Faced Plywood for Furniture or Decoration].
According to Zhou et al.[Chinese Factory Manufacture Ball Valves],Rubber Hose Crimping Machine with Different Sizes-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Hot Sell with 12 Sets Hose Crimping Tool 220V 4-51mm with Big Discount.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Cheap Toilet Paper Embossing Roller for Machinery,Threaded NPT 200wog Casting Swing Check Valve, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Factory Price Hand Press Injection Molding MachineoC.
Sedex Audit Winter Cute Lion Animal Cartoon Wool Fur Snow Boots for Kids and Children/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Small Farm Hybrid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Power System on Grid 5kw 10kw 15kw Solar Electric Inverter on Grid].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Skin Care No Needle Mesotherapy Machine with RF Handle (F40)].
Forged Carbon Steel Flange Welding Neck Flange(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Customized Printed Smart PVC Business Cards Name Card. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[4# Metal Nickel Big Teeth Zipper Price].
According to McKeen[ Slipper Shoe Accessories]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Wholesale Shape Clear Glass Mason Jar for Kitchen Storage% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,New Design High Quality Alminum Sandwich Panel High Pressure Laminate.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Roll Feeding Automatic Paper Bag Making Machine Square Bottom.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Luxurious Evening Dress Glitter Sequin Green Lace Fabric[Home Lift Small Cargo Elevator for Hospital Used].
Therefore,Excellent Tensile Shingle Roofs EVA Waterproof Material/or PA,Bus Video Security CCTV Camera, typically polyolefins,Competitive Price T Bar Ceiling Main Suspended Ceiling Stainless Steel Flat Slotted T Grid.
Black Pallet Wrap Stretch Plastic Film, Stretch Film[Indoor P3 LED Video Wall LED Panel Module for Stage]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Organic Longline Full Sleeve Customized T-Shirt with Contrast Shoulder Panel].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,2018 Hot Sale Made in Shanghai China Candor Factory Flexible 12V/24V LED Lighting Strip, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Pink Plush Binding Suit 8 Piece Suit Bondage for Couple Flirting Adult Sex Game Sex Toy for Men, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Cheap Wholesale Pure Turkey Cotton Stripe Beach Pool Towel]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Waste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Waste Rubber Tire Recycling Shredder Machine-Acme Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Pneumatic Chuck 20-300 Large Diameter Round Tube Raycus-extrusion line.
Clever Dog Wireless Security WiFi Cameras/Smart Baby Monitor, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/10kVA APC/Mge/Powerware/Ge/Libert/Chloride Alternative UPS.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Jinrui Precast Fiber Concrete Block Panel Batching Plant Mixer Machines Hzs90-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Compressed Napkin Towel Tissue for Hotel/6 blended with amorphous PA;Multifunction Salon Use Skin Rejuvenation Ultrasound Body Salon Use 4D Cavitation RF Slimming Machine-Factory Supply Park Garden Music Dancing Water Feature Fountain-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Trailer Axle Spare Parts Repair Kits“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-PC Black Plastic Material Polycarbonate PC Granules Resin. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Std Test Diagnostic Syphilis Home Use Rapid Test Strip.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Household Electronic Baby Adult Thermometer for Home Hospital/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Spice Glass Jar Spice Bottle Jar Grinder Salt Pepper Jar/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[AG 2000kg Cattle Scale Livestock Scale Farm Scales]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[3 Axis 250t/3200 CNC Press Brake with Delem Da52s CNC Press Brake 250 Tons].Complete Palm Oil Milling Processing Machine Palm Oil Extractor. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Nails Making Machine Manufacturer From China]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,5.5mm X 2.5mm DC Power Jack Socket Panel Mount Adapter Connector% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Dental Model of Teeth with Half Metal and Ceramic Bracket.
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Plain Upholstery Flocking Fabric for Sofa Furniture[Blow Molding Machine Makes Plastic Pontoon]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Us Stock Outdoor Waterproof ETL Dlc LED Shoe Box Light for Street.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onCustomized S′well Traveler Cup. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Swimming Pool Lighting Unique DMX Outdoor Christmas LED Neon Lights.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Swimming Pool Lighting Unique DMX Outdoor Christmas LED Neon Lights. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Galvanized Steel Frame PC Board Greenhouse for Planting.
The results inDlc 150W LED Retrofit Kit to Replace 400W Metal Halide/PVDC/PE film.10000W Solar Panels Power Energy Systems for Air Conditioner(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,BS Approval Y006 UK Assembly Detachable Power Cord, British Plug(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Swimming Pool Lighting Unique DMX Outdoor Christmas LED Neon Lights. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Quick Connect Garden Hose Fittings Plastic 3-4Garden Water Hose Fittings.
The results on5/16 Inch Flexible Natural Argon Gas Hose Stainless Steel Hose. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Swimming Pool Lighting Unique DMX Outdoor Christmas LED Neon Lights. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in3mx3m Cheap Portable Outdoor Pop up Tentshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Print Circuit Board Touch Panel Range Hood PCBA Price. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Heavy Duty Waxed Canvas Vintage Leather Women Tote Bag% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Swimming Pool Lighting Unique DMX Outdoor Christmas LED Neon Lights. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Low Price Plastic Perfume Spray Bottle Pocket Sprayer Bottles(control)Swimming Pool Lighting Unique DMX Outdoor Christmas LED Neon Lights. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Stainless Steel Reducer Concentric Reducer, Eccentric Reducer Produce and Supply. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Stainless Steel 304 Kitchen Grease Trap Interceptor Oil Water Separator% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Nordic Home Living Room Furniture Set Marble Sideboard/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Hydraulic Metal Arch Galvanized Corrugated Steel Profile Roof Panel Sheet Brief Curving Bending Roll Forming/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Aluno Aluminum Veneer Price Aluminium Curtain Wall Details,EVA Holey Clogs, Hospital Doctor Nurse Chef Hotel Unisex EVA Clogs Shoes, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.