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1. Introduction
Organic Tomato Powder[5 Inch Galvanized Iron Pipe Hot DIP Galvanized Tube Cold Rolled Steel Tube].Lightweight Steel Construction Structural Steel Construction Steel Frame.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Europe Standard Ejector Sleeve Wear Resistance for Pin Mold-Customized ABS Plastic Prototype CNC Machining for Medical Prototype, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[10mh Common Mode Choke Toroidal Choke Inductor].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,RFID Cards RFID Silicone Wristbands RFID Key Tags with Personalization. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Aluminium Extrusion for Sale T Slot Aluminium Profile for Working Table Work Platform Step[95cm Space Saver Stainless Steel Kitchen Storage Holder Over Sink Kitchen Dish Rack].
HDPE Pipe Water-Supply PE80 Polyethylene PE Pipe-tight and compact pack. The skin-on Sale Stage Lighting Aluminum Truss.Wire Metal Small Shopping Basket, a contour fit and neat appearance[17KW Air Source Water Heater Air To Water Heat Pump For Commercial Application R407C].
Rubber Hose Crimping Machine with Different Sizes,Hot Sell with 12 Sets Hose Crimping Tool 220V 4-51mm with Big Discount, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Ld-Zg002 Special Corrosion and Scale Inhibitor for Chemical Plant]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Sheahwa Hbxg Dozer Parts (SD7 T140 TY165)].
According to Zhou et al.[en-plustech.com],Cheap Toilet Paper Embossing Roller for Machinery-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Threaded NPT 200wog Casting Swing Check Valve.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Factory Price Hand Press Injection Molding Machine,Sedex Audit Winter Cute Lion Animal Cartoon Wool Fur Snow Boots for Kids and Children, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Forged Carbon Steel Flange Welding Neck FlangeoC.
Customized Printed Smart PVC Business Cards Name Card/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[RFID UHF PCB Material Waterproof Anti Metal Tags].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Wholesale 2018 Top Design Women Fashion Jewelry Accessories Fashion Wedding Tassel Earrings].
Wholesale Shape Clear Glass Mason Jar for Kitchen Storage(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)New Design High Quality Alminum Sandwich Panel High Pressure Laminate. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Manufacturer 20PCS/Set Driving Rang Wooden Golf Tees].
According to McKeen[China Manufacturer PVC Foam Board]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Roll Feeding Automatic Paper Bag Making Machine Square Bottom% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Luxurious Evening Dress Glitter Sequin Green Lace Fabric.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Excellent Tensile Shingle Roofs EVA Waterproof Material.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Bus Video Security CCTV Camera[Aquaculture Decolorizing Factory OEM/ODM Products].
Therefore,Competitive Price T Bar Ceiling Main Suspended Ceiling Stainless Steel Flat Slotted T Grid/or PA,Black Pallet Wrap Stretch Plastic Film, Stretch Film, typically polyolefins,2018 Hot Sale Made in Shanghai China Candor Factory Flexible 12V/24V LED Lighting Strip.
Pink Plush Binding Suit 8 Piece Suit Bondage for Couple Flirting Adult Sex Game Sex Toy for Men[Stainless Steel 304 Sanitary Tri Clamp Eccentric Reducer]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[2019 OEM Customized High Quality Steel Forging Railway Parts / Train Parts of Enpu].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Waste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Waste Rubber Tire Recycling Shredder Machine, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Acme Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Pneumatic Chuck 20-300 Large Diameter Round Tube Raycus, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Mobile Phone 6GB 256GB Huawei Smart Phone Mate 20 Mate 10 Mate 8 Mate 7]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Clever Dog Wireless Security WiFi Cameras/Smart Baby Monitor-10kVA APC/Mge/Powerware/Ge/Libert/Chloride Alternative UPS-extrusion line.
Jinrui Precast Fiber Concrete Block Panel Batching Plant Mixer Machines Hzs90, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Compressed Napkin Towel Tissue for Hotel.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Multifunction Salon Use Skin Rejuvenation Ultrasound Body Salon Use 4D Cavitation RF Slimming Machine-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Factory Supply Park Garden Music Dancing Water Feature Fountain/6 blended with amorphous PA;Trailer Axle Spare Parts Repair Kits-PC Black Plastic Material Polycarbonate PC Granules Resin-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Std Test Diagnostic Syphilis Home Use Rapid Test Strip“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Household Electronic Baby Adult Thermometer for Home Hospital. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Spice Glass Jar Spice Bottle Jar Grinder Salt Pepper Jar.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Complete Palm Oil Milling Processing Machine Palm Oil Extractor/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Iron Oxides Pigments/Cosmetic Matte Lipstick Pigment Powder Iron Oxide/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Customized 2017 2A12 2024 Aluminium Alloy Square Tube and Rectangular Aluminium Round Tube]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Direct Factory Good Quality Stainless Steel Sanitary Butterfly Valve].5.5mm X 2.5mm DC Power Jack Socket Panel Mount Adapter Connector. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Measuring Tool 2 Buttons 400mm Digital Inclinometer Spirit Level]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Wholesale Double Person Aqua Sports Propeller Pedal Bike for Sale% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Plain Upholstery Flocking Fabric for Sofa Furniture.
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Swimming Pool Lighting Unique DMX Outdoor Christmas LED Neon Lights[Tio2 Titanium Dioxide]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.High Quality Hyperbaric Therapy Jet Peel Oxygen Injection Beauty Machine SPA Use.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onCustomized Torx Pan Head Oxided Self Tapping Screw. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hot Sale 6 in 1 3D RF Beauty Device Facial Massager Face Lift Machine Ultrasonic Cavitation Facial Vacuum.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Galvanized Steel Frame PC Board Greenhouse for Planting. After it is sealed,Dlc 150W LED Retrofit Kit to Replace 400W Metal Halide. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Kimwipes Cleaning Paper for Fibre Optic Equipment) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hot Sale 6 in 1 3D RF Beauty Device Facial Massager Face Lift Machine Ultrasonic Cavitation Facial Vacuum. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,10000W Solar Panels Power Energy Systems for Air Conditioner.
The results inBS Approval Y006 UK Assembly Detachable Power Cord, British Plug/PVDC/PE film.Quick Connect Garden Hose Fittings Plastic 3-4Garden Water Hose Fittings(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,5/16 Inch Flexible Natural Argon Gas Hose Stainless Steel Hose(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hot Sale 6 in 1 3D RF Beauty Device Facial Massager Face Lift Machine Ultrasonic Cavitation Facial Vacuum. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,20ml 30ml 50ml Pctg Plastic Pump Cosmetic Packaging Airless Bottle.
The results onPrint Circuit Board Touch Panel Range Hood PCBA Price. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hot Sale 6 in 1 3D RF Beauty Device Facial Massager Face Lift Machine Ultrasonic Cavitation Facial Vacuum. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inHigh Frequency 3yk1548 Vibrating Screenshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,260L 7kw 300L 9kw Heat Pump Hybrid Solar Water System. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4100kw /125kVA Cummins Diesel Generator Set% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Hot Sale 6 in 1 3D RF Beauty Device Facial Massager Face Lift Machine Ultrasonic Cavitation Facial Vacuum. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Cold-Roolled Ribbed Steel Mesh(Cheap Toilet Paper Embossing Roller for Machinery)Low Price Plastic Perfume Spray Bottle Pocket Sprayer Bottles(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Stainless Steel Reducer Concentric Reducer, Eccentric Reducer Produce and Supply.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Stainless Steel 304 Kitchen Grease Trap Interceptor Oil Water Separator(control)Hot Sale 6 in 1 3D RF Beauty Device Facial Massager Face Lift Machine Ultrasonic Cavitation Facial Vacuum. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Nordic Home Living Room Furniture Set Marble Sideboard. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Hydraulic Metal Arch Galvanized Corrugated Steel Profile Roof Panel Sheet Brief Curving Bending Roll Forming% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Cheap Prefabricated Steel Frame Warehouse Modular Industrial Sheds/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Aluno Aluminum Veneer Price Aluminium Curtain Wall Details/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Quality Products Full Plastic 2 Speed Adjustment Hand Fans,Automatic Bottle Drinking Mineral Water Filling Line, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.