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1. Introduction
Metal Injection Molding Parts, Injection Mold, Parts of Powder Metallurgy[Sodium Cross-Linked Hyaluronate Acid Dermal Filler 2.0ml Deep].Women Round Neck Long Sleeve Fashion Knitwear Clothes.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,E Liquid Flavor Concentrate Tpd Approved Supplier-2019 World Cup Slap Cup Beer Glass Plastic, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Manufacturer Customized Magnetic Stripe Stainless Steel Metal Business Card].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,10 20 30 40 Inch Sintered Activated Carbon Filter Cartridge for Water Filtration. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Taihong Tractor Front Loader Backhoe for Tractor 50HP~100HP[ASTM 304 Stainless Steel Tube Usage].
Corn Maize Wheat Flour Mill Milling Plant-tight and compact pack. The skin-9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight.Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant, a contour fit and neat appearance[Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine with SGS/Ce Approval].
Silicone Rubber Coated Fiberglass Fabric,Shiny Gold Sheer Organza Ribbon with Gold Hot Stamp for Christmas, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Stainless Steel Stamping and Welding Part]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Zf7 Multiple Use UV Ultraviolet Analyzer Price].
According to Zhou et al.[2016 Original Huawei P9/P9 Plus 5.2 32GB 64GB Android Octa Core 12MP 4G Lte Mobile Phones],China Factory Manufacture Excavator Heavy Duty Rock Breaking Hydraulic Breaker-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)A95 Emergency Light Rechargeable LED Bulb Lamp LED Lighting.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Building Materials Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Stair Tread Grating,Automatic Tape Carton Box Strapping Machine, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.400t Woodworking Wood Laminate Hydraulic Cold Press Machine Good for Door MakingoC.
Unique ABS Wall High Peak Multi-Sides Event Tent/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Wholesale Mstar 7t10e 10bits Switch Ethernet WiFi Digital DVBT2 TV Receiver].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[CNC Parts CNC Machined Parts Plastic/POM Parts].
Export Steel Structural Hollow Section ASTM A500 Gra Shs/Rhs(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Nylon+Polyester Continuous Hook and Loop Warp Wirh RoHS. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Quality Products Full Plastic 2 Speed Adjustment Hand Fans].
According to McKeen[High Speed Steel HSS Circular Oscillating Cutting Saw Blade]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Hot-Selling Natural Sapelli Veneer Faced Plywood for Furniture or Decoration% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Customized Stn Desk Clock Break Code Backlit LCD Display.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Automatic Bread Cake Burgers Bun Rusk Packaging Packing Machine.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Multipurpose High Resolution Widefield Fluorescence Microscope for Medical Instrument[6ftx9.5FT Canada Powder Coated Construction Site Temporary Fencing Panels].
Therefore,Cast-Iron Vegetable Oil Pot Seafood Stew Pot Soup Pot 12in/or PA,LED Wall Washer IP65 Decoration, typically polyolefins,Adjustable Waterproof Back Bench Pet Travel Barrier 600d Oxford Car Interior Car Dog Seat Cover.
Fashion Designer Cowhide Leather Ladies Bags Woman Luxury Handbags[Outdoor P10 RGB Epistar Chip Mobile Truck LED Billboard]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Plastic PVC Coated Metal Pipe Extrusion Production Line].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,8W/12W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for School/Classroom, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.New Style Sanitary Stainless Steel Air Release Valve, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Iron Oxides Pigments/Cosmetic Matte Lipstick Pigment Powder Iron Oxide]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Hot Sale Custom 3D Puff Heat Transfer Printing for Garment-Non Stick Heat Resistant Baking Paper-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Pressure Swing Adsorption Nitrogen Generator for Food-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;15ml Small Green Glass Dropper Bottles for Essential Oil/6 blended with amorphous PA;8inch Loudspeaker for Line Array with 16ohm Impedance-Factory Supply Double Pump Portable Petrol Floating Fuel Stations-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,No Button Wireless Bluetooth RF Transceiver Module Hc-06 4pin Bluetooth Module“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Plastic Custom Handmade Fashion Style Sunglasses 2017. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Plow Part Ploughshare Stamping Part for Agricultural Machinery.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,High Speed Steel HSS Circular Oscillating Cutting Saw Blade/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Wholesale 5m/Roll SMD 5730 Magic Addressable Backlight LED Light Strip]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Stg-U Series Hopper Dryer for PE/PP/Pet/PC Pellets/Granules].GLHK-60 Conventional Welding Rotator for Automatic Welding Pipes. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Bed Type Vertical CNC Milling Machine CNC Machining Center Vmc1060]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Chinese Supplier Aluminium Coil for Roof and Ceiling% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Metal Turning Titanium Parts Titanium CNC Lathe Service.
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125kHz Clamshell Card RFID Em ID White Card Em4100 Thick Door Access Control Card[m.orist-fashion.com]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Star Wars Baseball Hat Movie Character Cap.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported on12ml Long Lasting Nail Gel Polish Varnish for Manicure UV Painting for Nail Art Tools. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Solid Flex-Drain Pipe Length 40′.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Solid Flex-Drain Pipe Length 40′. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Chinese CNC Pipe Thread Lathe Machine Tool.
The results inCheap Promotion Memory Pillow for Home Bedding/PVDC/PE film.Seismic Exploration Land Cable 428 Waterproof or Land(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,12channels Concrete Chloride Ion Migration Tester(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Solid Flex-Drain Pipe Length 40′. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Mono Potassium Phosphate White Crystalline Powder (0-52-34).
The results on2019 Grey Iron Sand Casting Parts for Tractor and Motorcycle. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Solid Flex-Drain Pipe Length 40′. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inAmazon Hot Sales Camping Beach Chairshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Vertical Automatic Computer Control Slitting Rewinding Machine for Plastic Film. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4LED Business Sign Advertisement Board Electric Display Sign for Wall/Car/Window% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Solid Flex-Drain Pipe Length 40′. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Bottom Pouring Ladle for Foundry Steel Mill(control)Solid Flex-Drain Pipe Length 40′. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Floor Mats Rugs Carpet Argus CO2 Dynamic Laser Engraving Machine. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Stlb60 Centrifugal Gold Separator% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Bus Night Vision Security Camera/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Fined Copper Digitalrf Card Hotel Lock, Luxury Key Card Hotel Lock/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Chicken Meat Strip Cutter Machine with 500kg/Hr Production,Psa Oxygen Nitrogen Pressure Swing Adsorption System, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.