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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Zinc Plated Bent Construction Brackets (3X3)-Sun9c 24W LED UV Nail Dryer Curing Lamp for Fingernail, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[hongxin-ec.com].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,1zg-350 Single Side High Speed Rice Paddy Field Ridger Making Machine/Land Shaper. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Hot Sale Best Quality Diamond Saw Blade for Cutting Granite[Hot Sale Universal Night Vision with Wireless Parking Sensor & Car Alarm for Car Black Box Wireless Camera & LCD Monitor Driving & Parking System with GPS].
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According to Zhou et al.[Teflon Spring Energized PTFE Seals with 304 Steel],Creative Gift Emerald Anniversary Wedding Jewelry Luxury Hair Ornaments Bridal Crown-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)U. S. Type Clevis Grab Hook.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Disposable Take out Food to-Go Containers/Soup Containers, Eco Friendly Kraft, Deli Food Storage with Airtight Lids, Stackable Pails 50 Packs for Restaurant,Seaweed Extract, Herbal Extract, Plant Extract, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Precision Aluminum CNC Milling Machining Automobile PartsoC.
Custom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[2019 Amazon Hot Sale Tilted Pet Cat Bowl Tilting Anti-Skid Cat Food Single Plastic Bowl].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Hot Sale Raw Materials for Making Tissue Papers].
Portable USB Mini Ultrasonic Aroma Diffuser for Car Office Customs Data(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)High Speed Hand Tissue Paper Machine. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Shockproof Rubber O Rings Rubber Cushioning Products].
According to McKeen[Humic Acid Lignite Powder Pearl Granular Factory Price]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Advanced Custom Fracturing Acidification Clay Stabilizer% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Hot New 280W Beam Spot Wash 3in1 Moving Head.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/18mm 0.5-0.65 Density PVC Foam Sheet PVC Board for Construction.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Full Automatic V-Folding Hand Towel Paper Machine Equipment[100PCS/ Box Paper Drinking Straw in Color Black for Drink Wine].
Therefore,Stainless Steel Push Down Pop up Drain for Basin Sink/or PA,ASTM 304 Stainless Steel Tube Usage, typically polyolefins,Reverse Osmosis Membrane Flocculant with Standard Solution Liquid.
Rayon Georgette Fabric. Rayon Print Georgette Fabric[High Quality Metal Specification 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 Inch Cable Conduit EMT Pipe]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Surveillance Mini Wireless Mobile Video Transmitter].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Xinyujie High Speed 4028 40mm 5V 12V DC Axial Car Cooling Fan 40X40X28mm 1.6 Inch, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.OEM/ODM 25ml Hot Selling Facial Mask Natural Whitening Skin Care, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Jeep Grand Trailer Wiring Harness]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Stainless Steel Food Processing Eccentric Weld Reducer (JN-FT2001)-Bias Nylon Mining OTR Tyre for Loader-extrusion line.
Aluminum Stage Roof Truss Facility Structure for Lights Speaker, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;T90 High Power Latching Relay Mini Power Relay/6 blended with amorphous PA;OEM PTFE Teflon Plastic Rivet Piston Pin-High Frequency 3yk1548 Vibrating Screen-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,All Size Thickness Clear Opal White Black Acrylic Sheet Acrilicos Jinan Factroy“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Dimmable Solar Charging Antique Lantern Hurricane Lantern Kerosene Lantern Solar Lamp. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Yf-Dxbwkdt Single Arm Surgical Pendant Machine Brake System ICU Used Medical Column Pendant.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Sweetener Food Processing Polyester Material Press Filter Fabric/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[MPET Film for Packing and Insulation]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[8mm High Quality DIN766 SS316 Short Link Chain].Anon Maize Sweet Corn Silage Combine Harvester. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Automactic PA66 GF25 Nylon 66 Profile Thermal Break Extrusion Machine]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Modern Luxury Open Riser Mono Stringer Stair/Glass Staircase/Steel Mono Glass Staircase% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.High Reliability SC/APC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter.
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3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported on2194230012 for Mercedes Benz Auto Spare Parts Brake Disc. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Clear Candle Holder Glass Jars Water Cup Glasses.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Clear Candle Holder Glass Jars Water Cup Glasses. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Xaja China Manufacturer 2jz-Gte Trailer Auto Wire Harness.
The results inSpiral Steel Belt Protective Cover with Telescopic Spring Cover/PVDC/PE film.New 2.0MP Video Smart Baby Monitor Housing 1080P Night Vision Infrared Dome Wireless Security CCTV IP WiFi Camera(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Full Color Outdoor P10 LED Display for Advertising(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Clear Candle Holder Glass Jars Water Cup Glasses. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,720p 360 Degree Home Security Network WiFi IP Camera.
The results onAnhydrous Calcium Chloride Production Plant by Fluid Bed Process. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Clear Candle Holder Glass Jars Water Cup Glasses. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inClass 10.9 Hex Head Screw High Strength Steel Plainshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,High Power Industrial 2400lm 30W LED Work Light for Workshop. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Safety Edge Sensor for Agv Automated Guided Vehicle% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Clear Candle Holder Glass Jars Water Cup Glasses. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.MSDS Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate Sapp
UV Laser Qr Code Marking System(Cake Decorating Chocolate Custom Silicon Molds Baking Tool)High Quality Buliding Wire Cables(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,3120/17/38 Boltable Crane Rail Clips.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Free Samples Chemical Additive Crude Powder Water Reducingpolycarboxylate Super Plasticizer PCE for Concrete(control)Clear Candle Holder Glass Jars Water Cup Glasses. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Cheap Price Queen Size 12 Inch 30cm Compressed Comfort Latex Cool Gel Memory Foam Mattress in a Box. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%100% Bonded Microfiber High Clo Thinsulate Wadding% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Best Quality 48V 80ah 100ah 120ah Lithium Battery Byd Catl Tesla/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Hot Sales Electronic Potting Epoxy Resin,Chaozhou Factory White Ceramic Appetizer Bowl on Sale, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.