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1. Introduction
Air Conditioner Ntc 10K Thermister Temperature Sensor Probe[ Lte Tdd B38].Bestop Lavina Diamond Grinding Head/Plate for Concrete.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,001*10 Styrene Series Gel Strong Acid Ion Exchange Resin-Cation Exchange Resin-Detergent Grade 94% Powder Price STPP Sodium Tripolyphosphate for Soap, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Pipe Threader Machine].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Ronbos High Quality Iridium Spark Plug for Ford Engine Cars. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,55% Gl Al-Zn Az30 Dx51d+Az Aluzinc Steel Coil[DIN 436 Stainless Steel 304 A2-70 Slotted Flat Square Washer].
Stainless Steel Laser Cut Welding Parts Sheet Metal Fabrication-tight and compact pack. The skin-Bird Eye Drip-Dry Long Sleeve Sports T-Shirt.Hot Fashion TV Floor Stand / Mount / Bracket Wheelbase, a contour fit and neat appearance[High Quality Hyperbaric Therapy Jet Peel Oxygen Injection Beauty Machine SPA Use].
WPC Wood Plastic Composite Strip False Ceiling for Residential Ceiling,Food Grade Glass Storage Glass Jar for Spices Candy Foods Dried Vegtables Canned Fruit, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Galvanized Products Steel Bridge Grating]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Price Milk Packing Machine Milk Packing Machine Sachet Packing Machine].
According to Zhou et al.[Weideda 6mm/8mm UV Resistant Exterior HPL Board],Customized Clothes Shop Racks Hanging Clothing Shop Interior Design-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Pn6.3 8 10 16 3 4 5 Inch Water Supply Pipe and Plumbing Conduits Fittings Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes for Potable Cold Water Supplies China.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.12L Agricultural Drone Sprayer Uav Commercial Aircraft Sale Industrial Drone Farm Water Sprayer,Indoor Decoration PVC Panel/PVC Interior Decorative Wall Panels/PVC Ceiling, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Indoor Waterproof Stone Plastic Flooring Click Spc Laminate Vinyl PlankoC.
Modern Design Bathroom Vanity Cabinet with LED Light Shelf/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Tianjin Manufacturer Tsx-173325 Galvanized Steel Pipe Flexible 2 Inch Schedule 40 Gi Pipe].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[750kg HS: 2836200000 99.2% Na2co3 Soda Ash Light for Textile Industry].
Automatic Edge Cutting Machine for Plywood(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Vacuum Belt Feeder Thin Blade Slitter Scorer Machine Automatic Partition Baffle Sheets Cutter. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[BSCI Certificated 100% Cotton Calendar].
According to McKeen[Hot Press - 8 in 1 - Multifunction Digital Heat Press T-Shirt 1250W]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Shockproof Rubber O Rings Rubber Cushioning Products% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Black Powder Coated Steel Sheet Metal Housing.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/High Tempurature Chemical Resistance Glass Fiber Fabric Coated with PTFE/Teflon.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Pocket Sized Portable Travel 15ml PP Credit Card Perfume Spray Bottles Wholesale[New Products Chicken Farm Building/Poultry House/Steel Structure Building].
Therefore,Hot Sale Industrial Plastics Shredder Machine, Shredder for PVC Plastic/or PA,ADC12 A360 A380 Precsion Aluminum Die Casting Parts, typically polyolefins,Cheap RF N Type Crimp Connector for Rg214.
Nylon Material Baby Bottle Brush Set Nipple Small Cleaning Brushes[Bus Video Security CCTV Camera]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Rock Sugar Stick Making Machine (JY-RCK500)].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Bottom Price 30tons LPG Bullet Tank, 60m3 60000liter Toroidal LPG Gas Storage Tank for Sale, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Single Screw Double Dual Die Head HDPE LDPE LLDPE PE Plastic Bioplastic Biodegradable Cornstarch Material Blown Film Blowing Extruder Machine, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[2015 New Design 3D Printing Pen Model]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Workshop Use Woodpulp Oil Cleaning Wipes-Stainless Steel Small Head Knurled Body Rivet Nut-extrusion line.
Popular Dog Food Pellet Making Machine Production Line, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/2017 New Design Jean Tie.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
China Factory Drawstring Leno Mesh Bag Garlic-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Laptop Desktop Computer Motherboard PCB Circuit Board Assembly PCBA/6 blended with amorphous PA;Stainless Steel Stamping and Welding Part-Customized 2017 2A12 2024 Aluminium Alloy Square Tube and Rectangular Aluminium Round Tube-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Beer Glass Chiller for Bar“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Metal Injection Molding Parts, Injection Mold, Parts of Powder Metallurgy. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Women Round Neck Long Sleeve Fashion Knitwear Clothes.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,E Liquid Flavor Concentrate Tpd Approved Supplier/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,2019 World Cup Slap Cup Beer Glass Plastic/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Silk Protein Magic Chitosan Polypeptide Anti-Wrinkle Silk & Coenzyme Perfect Youth Serum 24k Gold Serum]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)].10 20 30 40 Inch Sintered Activated Carbon Filter Cartridge for Water Filtration. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Custom NdFeB Magnet Neodymium 3000 Gauss NdFeB N42 Magnet for Wholesale]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Corn Maize Wheat Flour Mill Milling Plant% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight.
2.Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant
Silicone Rubber Coated Fiberglass Fabric[China Compounding Extruder Machine]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Shiny Gold Sheer Organza Ribbon with Gold Hot Stamp for Christmas.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onSilicon Glow in Dark Wristband Bracelet Free Artwork Silicon Rubber Heat Transfer Printed Woven Wristband Bracelet Event Laser Engraving Slap (25). All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Factory Manufacture Excavator Heavy Duty Rock Breaking Hydraulic Breaker.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
A95 Emergency Light Rechargeable LED Bulb Lamp LED Lighting. After it is sealed,Building Materials Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Stair Tread Grating. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Synthetic Lawn for Playground) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Factory Manufacture Excavator Heavy Duty Rock Breaking Hydraulic Breaker. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Automatic Tape Carton Box Strapping Machine.
The results in400t Woodworking Wood Laminate Hydraulic Cold Press Machine Good for Door Making/PVDC/PE film.Unique ABS Wall High Peak Multi-Sides Event Tent(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Export Steel Structural Hollow Section ASTM A500 Gra Shs/Rhs(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Factory Manufacture Excavator Heavy Duty Rock Breaking Hydraulic Breaker. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Nylon+Polyester Continuous Hook and Loop Warp Wirh RoHS.
The results onHot-Selling Natural Sapelli Veneer Faced Plywood for Furniture or Decoration. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Factory Manufacture Excavator Heavy Duty Rock Breaking Hydraulic Breaker. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in Medshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Automatic Bread Cake Burgers Bun Rusk Packaging Packing Machine. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Multipurpose High Resolution Widefield Fluorescence Microscope for Medical Instrument% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Factory Manufacture Excavator Heavy Duty Rock Breaking Hydraulic Breaker. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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LED Wall Washer IP65 Decoration(Galvanized Steel Frame PC Board Greenhouse for Planting)Adjustable Waterproof Back Bench Pet Travel Barrier 600d Oxford Car Interior Car Dog Seat Cover(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Fashion Designer Cowhide Leather Ladies Bags Woman Luxury Handbags.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)8W/12W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for School/Classroom(control)China Factory Manufacture Excavator Heavy Duty Rock Breaking Hydraulic Breaker. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,New Style Sanitary Stainless Steel Air Release Valve. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Hot Sale Custom 3D Puff Heat Transfer Printing for Garment% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Non Stick Heat Resistant Baking Paper/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Desktop Automatic High Precision Hot Melt Glue Dispensing Robot/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Pressure Swing Adsorption Nitrogen Generator for Food,15ml Small Green Glass Dropper Bottles for Essential Oil, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.