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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,High Speed Hand Tissue Paper Machine-Advanced Custom Fracturing Acidification Clay Stabilizer, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Glass Table Clamps].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Hot New 280W Beam Spot Wash 3in1 Moving Head. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,18mm 0.5-0.65 Density PVC Foam Sheet PVC Board for Construction[2019 Classic Casual Sneakers Custom Printed Canvas Men Shoes].
Full Automatic V-Folding Hand Towel Paper Machine Equipment-tight and compact pack. The skin-Stainless Steel Push Down Pop up Drain for Basin Sink.ASTM 304 Stainless Steel Tube Usage, a contour fit and neat appearance[Fixtec Hand Tool CRV 6′′ Combination Pliers Cutting Pliers].
Reverse Osmosis Membrane Flocculant with Standard Solution Liquid,Rayon Georgette Fabric. Rayon Print Georgette Fabric, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Home Decorator 4 Side Free Standing Electric Fireplace with Heater]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[New Technology Carbon Cleaning Tools Auto Accessories].
According to Zhou et al.[Carbon Steel British and American Flat Head Rivet Nut],Xinyujie High Speed 4028 40mm 5V 12V DC Axial Car Cooling Fan 40X40X28mm 1.6 Inch-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)OEM/ODM 25ml Hot Selling Facial Mask Natural Whitening Skin Care.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Stainless Steel Food Processing Eccentric Weld Reducer (JN-FT2001),Bias Nylon Mining OTR Tyre for Loader, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Aluminum Stage Roof Truss Facility Structure for Lights SpeakeroC.
New Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purse/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Club Car Lead Acid Battery Charger Bx Series with High Quality].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Large Diameter Siphon Rainwater Pipe and Fitting].
Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)T90 High Power Latching Relay Mini Power Relay. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Trailer Axle Spare Parts Repair Kits].
According to McKeen[Bottom Pouring Ladle for Foundry Steel Mill]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.OEM PTFE Teflon Plastic Rivet Piston Pin% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,High Frequency 3yk1548 Vibrating Screen.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/All Size Thickness Clear Opal White Black Acrylic Sheet Acrilicos Jinan Factroy.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Dimmable Solar Charging Antique Lantern Hurricane Lantern Kerosene Lantern Solar Lamp[Custom High Quality Squishy Toy with Scents Slow Rising Squishy Dinosaur Toys].
Therefore,Yf-Dxbwkdt Single Arm Surgical Pendant Machine Brake System ICU Used Medical Column Pendant/or PA,Sweetener Food Processing Polyester Material Press Filter Fabric, typically polyolefins,Vinyl Flooring Loose Lay Lvt Wood Waving Back PVC Floor.
Anon Maize Sweet Corn Silage Combine Harvester[Handy Foldable Portable Mini Fan Rechargeable Battery and USB Plastic Hand Fan Fan]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[3 Strands Braided Polypropylene PP Lead Danline Rope for Fishing].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Heavy Duty 16000L High Pressure Sewer Cleaning Truck, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Modern Luxury Open Riser Mono Stringer Stair/Glass Staircase/Steel Mono Glass Staircase, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Dapeng Ylp-20 Metal Laser Marking Machine Multi-Use for Many Material]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,High Reliability SC/APC Male-LC Female Single Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter-High Purity with Good Quality Sodium Chlorite (NaClO2)-extrusion line.
Diesel Driven Water Pump Multistage, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Island Freezer for Frozen Food.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Clear Candle Holder Glass Jars Water Cup Glasses-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Highest Speed Disposable Sanitary Pad Making Production Line with Auto Bagger/6 blended with amorphous PA;China Advanced Ammonium Sulfate NPK Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine-Xaja China Manufacturer 2jz-Gte Trailer Auto Wire Harness-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Spiral Steel Belt Protective Cover with Telescopic Spring Cover“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-New 2.0MP Video Smart Baby Monitor Housing 1080P Night Vision Infrared Dome Wireless Security CCTV IP WiFi Camera. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Full Color Outdoor P10 LED Display for Advertising.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,720p 360 Degree Home Security Network WiFi IP Camera/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Anhydrous Calcium Chloride Production Plant by Fluid Bed Process/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Stainless Steel Hinge Pin]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Plain Wallpaper Deep Embossed Heavy Single Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacturer in China].Buried Blind Via Pierced PCB, High Frequency Circuit Board. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Sea Blue Matte Electro Metallic Wall Sticker Decoration Car Vinyl Film]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Safety Edge Sensor for Agv Automated Guided Vehicle% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.MSDS Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate Sapp.
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High Quality Buliding Wire Cables[Aerial Perspective Photograph Mural Wallpaper]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.3120/17/38 Boltable Crane Rail Clips.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onStainless Steel Food Processing Eccentric Weld Reducer (JN-FT2001). All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Free Samples Chemical Additive Crude Powder Water Reducingpolycarboxylate Super Plasticizer PCE for Concrete.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Cheap Price Queen Size 12 Inch 30cm Compressed Comfort Latex Cool Gel Memory Foam Mattress in a Box. After it is sealed,100% Bonded Microfiber High Clo Thinsulate Wadding. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Portable Ultrasound Spot Welding Machine) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Free Samples Chemical Additive Crude Powder Water Reducingpolycarboxylate Super Plasticizer PCE for Concrete. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Best Quality 48V 80ah 100ah 120ah Lithium Battery Byd Catl Tesla.
The results inAh0608tl-Ca Customized Oil to Cooled Hydraulic Mini Air Heat Exchanger/PVDC/PE film.High Purity 99% Hyaluronic Acid CAS No. 9004-61-9 with Best Price(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Hot Sales Electronic Potting Epoxy Resin(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Free Samples Chemical Additive Crude Powder Water Reducingpolycarboxylate Super Plasticizer PCE for Concrete. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Chaozhou Factory White Ceramic Appetizer Bowl on Sale.
The results onDisposable Petri Dish, Plastic or Glass Material, 90mm, Transparent. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Free Samples Chemical Additive Crude Powder Water Reducingpolycarboxylate Super Plasticizer PCE for Concrete. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inFashion Golden Plated Crown Tip Commercial Steel Door Hingeshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Silica Powder Metal. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Epithalon Pharmaceutical Chemical Peptide Anti Aging Polypeptide Epitalon% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Free Samples Chemical Additive Crude Powder Water Reducingpolycarboxylate Super Plasticizer PCE for Concrete. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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PE Coated Anti Corrosion Underground Steel Pipe(Control Cable 1-60cores Low Voltage PVC Shealth PVC Insulation Steel Tape Armored Wire Braid Electrical Cable)Desktop Fiber Laser Coding Machine Engraving Machine Laser Marking Machine for Marking on Aluminum Button Label(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,King Quenson Tebuconazole 6% Fs, 25% Ec China Manufacturer.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Wholesale 5m/Roll SMD 5730 Magic Addressable Backlight LED Light Strip(control)Free Samples Chemical Additive Crude Powder Water Reducingpolycarboxylate Super Plasticizer PCE for Concrete. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Small Size/Type/Model CNC CO2 Laser Cutting Engraving Cutter Manufacture/Factory. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%2018 Zt Full Automatic Rebar Thread Rolling Cutting Machine% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,4*2 5 Ton New Wrecker Tow Truck Under Lift Wrecker Truck/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Fried Bugles Doritos Tortilla Chips Making Machinery,Foam Plastic CNC Router for Shape Cutting Engraving, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.