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1. Introduction
Cheese Vacuum Mixer Making Machine[White Long Sleeves Above Knee Length Daily Formal Bandage Dress].Synthetic Lawn for Playground.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Adjustable Aluminum Solar Mounting System-100% Polyester Printed Compression Yoga Legging, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Hot Rolled/Cold Rolled ERW].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Surveillance Mini Wireless Mobile Video Transmitter. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,2018 Hot Sale Automatic High Speed Film Bundling Machine[Acme Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Pneumatic Chuck 20-300 Large Diameter Round Tube Raycus].
China Manufacturer PVC Foam Board-tight and compact pack. The skin-99% Purity Muscle-Building Powder Sarms Andarine S4.Powder or Granule Packaging Machinery, a contour fit and neat appearance[No Button Wireless Bluetooth RF Transceiver Module Hc-06 4pin Bluetooth Module].
Outdoor Garden Furniture Patio Poolside Lounger Chair PE Rattan Wicker Daybed Sunbed,4WD Hard Shell Camping Luxury Car Roof Top Tent, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Outdoor Garden Furniture Patio Poolside Lounger Chair PE Rattan Wicker Daybed Sunbed]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Silicone Coated Fiberglass Insualtion Jacket].
According to Zhou et al.[5 Micron Pp Filter],Cost-Effective Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Auto CPAP by-Dreamy-AC08-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)1270X840X1.5mm Poplar Core /Veneer for Plywood Furniture.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Inflatable Water Walking Ball D1003a with Reinforced Soft Handle, Human Hamster Ball, Zorbing Ball,Customized S′well Traveler Cup, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Hot Sale Raw Materials for Making Tissue PapersoC.
Super Quality Powder Selank/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[14 Pin Ket Automobile Female Connector].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Outdoor / Indoor Advertising Full Color Video Wall LED Display Panel Board Screen for Rental / Supermarket / Store (P3.91 P4.81 P5.95 P6.25)].
Customizable Digital Temperature Controller(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Custom NdFeB Magnet Neodymium 3000 Gauss NdFeB N42 Magnet for Wholesale. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Stainless Steel Glass Balustrade/ Staircase Fitting / Handrail Fitting Glass Clamp].
According to McKeen[Door Access Security MIFARE DESFire EV1 2K 4K 8K PVC RFID Keyfob Tag]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Female 12.7mm Sq Flange Panel SMA Connector with Extended 4mm Insulator and 2mm Pin% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Bwm Blue Convex Mirror Glass R1200 R1400 R1800.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/High Carbon Hot DIP Galvanized Steel Wire.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)2018 High Quality Strapping Tensioner for Manual Packaging[Shampoo Massage Bed].
Therefore,Ductile Iron Flanged Check Valve with Outside Lever & Weight/or PA,OEM Design Precision Plastic Mould Injection Spare Parts, typically polyolefins,Paper Honeycomb Core Board for Packaging.
Trinidad and Tobago 25cm Price PVC Ceiling Panel for Swimming Pool[Ultrasonic Non Woven Outside Mask Ear Loop Welding Machine]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Thin 2012 T4 Thickness 0.3mm Aluminium Sheets with Width 1200mm].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Different Colours OEM Household Microfiber Cleaning Cloth, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Types of 502kw-1561kw Processing Low Temperature Water Chiller, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Low Price New Mini Loader Backhoe Hw30-25]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Contec ECG1200g 12 Lead Digital ECG EKG Machine Ce-6mm Custom Brass Double Caps Mushroom Shape Rivet Garment Accessories-extrusion line.
Automatic Industrial Tool Vending Machine with Card Reader, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
17KW Air Source Water Heater Air To Water Heat Pump For Commercial Application R407C-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;New Design Kraft Paper Adhesive Paper Plastic Film BOPP Tape Aluminum Foil Fiber Glass BOPP Tape Pet PE PVC Slitter Rewinder Machine/6 blended with amorphous PA;Apply to Metso Nordberg HP5 Multi-Cylinder Cone Crusher Spare Parts Air Cooler-Wholesale Top Hardness Hot Sell 9.45′′ Household Scissors-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,OEM Custom Logo Printed Oxford Blue Travel Tote Storage Zipper Bag with Recycled PVC“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Bnh Grade a UV Coated Light Diffusing Polycarbonate Sheet for LED Light. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-High Quality 3D Facial Skin Analyzer Device Care Beauty Machine.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,3 Axis 250t/3200 CNC Press Brake with Delem Da52s CNC Press Brake 250 Tons/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,New Crop White Pumpkin Seeds/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Bird Eye Drip-Dry Long Sleeve Sports T-Shirt]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Desktop Automatic High Precision Hot Melt Glue Dispensing Robot].Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.35#45# Carbon Steel Piston Cooling Nozzle Valve Body(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Cheap Price Queen Size 12 Inch 30cm Compressed Comfort Latex Cool Gel Memory Foam Mattress in a Box]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Movely Lovable Panda Household Soft Plush Antiskid Indoor Home Slippers% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Jeep Grand Trailer Wiring Harness.
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Sew Liquid Super Sew Glue Stick[1/2 Inch PVC Steel Wire Reinforced Vacuum Hose]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.DIN 436 Stainless Steel 304 A2-70 Slotted Flat Square Washer.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onSanitary Stainless Steel Vertical Commerical Colloid Mill for Food Grinding. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Quality UK Power Supply Electric Plug Universal Adaptor.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Personalized Custom Invitation Cards Delicate Carved Pattern Party Supply. After it is sealed,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (High Purity with Good Quality Sodium Chlorite (NaClO2)) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Quality UK Power Supply Electric Plug Universal Adaptor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,High Precision 6208 2RS Single-Row Deep Groove Ball Bearing.
The results inClay Roof Clay Roofing Tile Building Material Spanish Roof Tiles/PVDC/PE film.Metal Precision CNC Spare Parts CNC Brass Machined Parts(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,DIP Wave Soldering Machine with Siemens PLC Control System(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Quality UK Power Supply Electric Plug Universal Adaptor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Wisdom Waterproof Safety LED Coal Miner Cap Lamp/LED Lighting.
The results on100kVA Soundproof Diesel Generator 80kw Electric Generator with Perkins Brand. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Quality UK Power Supply Electric Plug Universal Adaptor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Thin 2012 T4 Thickness 0.3mm Aluminium Sheets with Width 1200mm(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inSkin Free 2 Needle Ha Filler Gel Injection Cross Linked Injectable Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Fillershow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Silk Stretch Dobby Fabric Georgette Fabric. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Foldable Mat for Kids Play Mat% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Quality UK Power Supply Electric Plug Universal Adaptor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Gabion Box /Drainage Box Using for Breakwater Wall(High Quality Aluminum Alloy Water Bike for Aquatic Park)Newly Air Freshener Machine K401 Office Scent Machine(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Magnetic Separator Shaker for Flour Milk Metal Washing Powder.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Wholesale Sparkle Double Side Sequin Cat Ears Hairband Hair Accessories Headbands(control)High Quality UK Power Supply Electric Plug Universal Adaptor. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Laser Welded Circular Diamond Saw Blade Cutting Tool (JL-LWDB). In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Stg-U Series Hopper Dryer for PE/PP/Pet/PC Pellets/Granules% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Air Freight Cargo from China to Russia Ufa reliable Low Rates Logistics Shipping include Tax Door to Door/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Automactic PA66 GF25 Nylon 66 Profile Thermal Break Extrusion Machine,Terrazzo Floor Tile Making Machine, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.