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1. Introduction
UV Laser Printing Printer/ Marking/Engraving Machine/ for Cosmetic/Packaging Bag/ Two-Bar-Codes Cutting Machine[Foska Half Strip Plastic Stapler with Good Quality].Flat Press Creasing Die Cutting Machine (LQML series).
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Glass Bottle Washing Filling Capping Machine/ Plant for Beer-12W Solar Lanterns Outdoor Solar Garden Lights with Lithium Battery, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Plastic Coupling].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Factory Flame Retardant Fire Barrier Batting for Mattress CFR1632. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,60A MPPT Solar Controller for 4500W PV Panel Power System 12V 24V 36V 48V 60V[Yrf Luxurious Hotel Room Decorative Cushion Cover Back Support Cushion].
Cheese Vacuum Mixer Making Machine-tight and compact pack. The skin-Synthetic Lawn for Playground.Adjustable Aluminum Solar Mounting System, a contour fit and neat appearance[ White Powder].
100% Polyester Printed Compression Yoga Legging,Surveillance Mini Wireless Mobile Video Transmitter, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Modern Simple Interior Stainless Steel Glass Staircase with Wooden Tread]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[N52 Customized Micro Cylinder Permanent Neodymium Rod Magnets with Package].
According to Zhou et al.[Wholesale Hand Knitted Decoration Flowers Children Bicycle Front Basket (9545)],2018 Hot Sale Automatic High Speed Film Bundling Machine-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)China Manufacturer PVC Foam Board.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.99% Purity Muscle-Building Powder Sarms Andarine S4,Powder or Granule Packaging Machinery, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Outdoor Garden Furniture Patio Poolside Lounger Chair PE Rattan Wicker Daybed SunbedoC.
4WD Hard Shell Camping Luxury Car Roof Top Tent/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Customized Metal Material Products for Punching Stamping Part].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Chaozhou Factory White Ceramic Appetizer Bowl on Sale].
Cost-Effective Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Auto CPAP by-Dreamy-AC08(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)1270X840X1.5mm Poplar Core /Veneer for Plywood Furniture. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[ADC12 A360 A380 Precsion Aluminum Die Casting Parts].
According to McKeen[New Crop White Pumpkin Seeds]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Inflatable Water Walking Ball D1003a with Reinforced Soft Handle, Human Hamster Ball, Zorbing Ball% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Customized S′well Traveler Cup.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Hot Sale Raw Materials for Making Tissue Papers.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Super Quality Powder Selank[Crl-40 940].
Therefore,Customizable Digital Temperature Controller/or PA,Custom NdFeB Magnet Neodymium 3000 Gauss NdFeB N42 Magnet for Wholesale, typically polyolefins,Female 12.7mm Sq Flange Panel SMA Connector with Extended 4mm Insulator and 2mm Pin.
Bwm Blue Convex Mirror Glass R1200 R1400 R1800[Aluminum Flat Bar]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Hot Sell with 12 Sets Hose Crimping Tool 220V 4-51mm with Big Discount].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,High Carbon Hot DIP Galvanized Steel Wire, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.2018 High Quality Strapping Tensioner for Manual Packaging, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Wisdom Waterproof Safety LED Coal Miner Cap Lamp/LED Lighting]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Ductile Iron Flanged Check Valve with Outside Lever & Weight-OEM Design Precision Plastic Mould Injection Spare Parts-extrusion line.
Paper Honeycomb Core Board for Packaging, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Trinidad and Tobago 25cm Price PVC Ceiling Panel for Swimming Pool.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Different Colours OEM Household Microfiber Cleaning Cloth-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Types of 502kw-1561kw Processing Low Temperature Water Chiller/6 blended with amorphous PA;Contec ECG1200g 12 Lead Digital ECG EKG Machine Ce-6mm Custom Brass Double Caps Mushroom Shape Rivet Garment Accessories-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Automatic Industrial Tool Vending Machine with Card Reader“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-17KW Air Source Water Heater Air To Water Heat Pump For Commercial Application R407C.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,New Design Kraft Paper Adhesive Paper Plastic Film BOPP Tape Aluminum Foil Fiber Glass BOPP Tape Pet PE PVC Slitter Rewinder Machine/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Apply to Metso Nordberg HP5 Multi-Cylinder Cone Crusher Spare Parts Air Cooler/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Classical Unisex Metal Sunglasses Ks1291]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[China Factory Manufacture Excavator Heavy Duty Rock Breaking Hydraulic Breaker].Wholesale Top Hardness Hot Sell 9.45′′ Household Scissors. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Spice Glass Jar Spice Bottle Jar Grinder Salt Pepper Jar]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Bnh Grade a UV Coated Light Diffusing Polycarbonate Sheet for LED Light% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.High Quality 3D Facial Skin Analyzer Device Care Beauty Machine.
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New Crop White Pumpkin Seeds[SAE 100 R1DIN En 853 1sn Hydraulic Rubber Hose]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onIndustry Rotary Dryer for Lime in Vacuum Drying Machine. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)35#45# Carbon Steel Piston Cooling Nozzle Valve Body.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Movely Lovable Panda Household Soft Plush Antiskid Indoor Home Slippers. After it is sealed,Jeep Grand Trailer Wiring Harness. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (China Motor Company Produce BLDC Fan Motor for Barn Vent Fan) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)35#45# Carbon Steel Piston Cooling Nozzle Valve Body. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,5PCS Travel Mini Eye Makeup Brushes Set Eyebrow Brush Make up Brushes.
The results inSew Liquid Super Sew Glue Stick/PVDC/PE film.DIN 436 Stainless Steel 304 A2-70 Slotted Flat Square Washer(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,High Quality UK Power Supply Electric Plug Universal Adaptor(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)35#45# Carbon Steel Piston Cooling Nozzle Valve Body. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Personalized Custom Invitation Cards Delicate Carved Pattern Party Supply.
The results onWall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)35#45# Carbon Steel Piston Cooling Nozzle Valve Body. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inTianjin Manufacturer Tsx-173325 Galvanized Steel Pipe Flexible 2 Inch Schedule 40 Gi Pipeshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Clay Roof Clay Roofing Tile Building Material Spanish Roof Tiles. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Metal Precision CNC Spare Parts CNC Brass Machined Parts% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)35#45# Carbon Steel Piston Cooling Nozzle Valve Body. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Wisdom Waterproof Safety LED Coal Miner Cap Lamp/LED Lighting(BSCI Certificated 100% Cotton Calendar)100kVA Soundproof Diesel Generator 80kw Electric Generator with Perkins Brand(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Thin 2012 T4 Thickness 0.3mm Aluminium Sheets with Width 1200mm.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Silk Stretch Dobby Fabric Georgette Fabric(control)35#45# Carbon Steel Piston Cooling Nozzle Valve Body. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Foldable Mat for Kids Play Mat. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%N52 Customized Micro Cylinder Permanent Neodymium Rod Magnets with Package% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Gabion Box /Drainage Box Using for Breakwater Wall/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Newly Air Freshener Machine K401 Office Scent Machine/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Wholesale Sparkle Double Side Sequin Cat Ears Hairband Hair Accessories Headbands,Laser Welded Circular Diamond Saw Blade Cutting Tool (JL-LWDB), in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.