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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,12channels Concrete Chloride Ion Migration Tester-Mono Potassium Phosphate White Crystalline Powder (0-52-34), and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Eco Water 1000L Water Softener].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,2019 Grey Iron Sand Casting Parts for Tractor and Motorcycle. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,PP Box Strapping Band Making Machine[100% New Materials Pneumatic PU Color Hose for Auto Parts (3*5mm*200m)].
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According to Zhou et al.[Black Spiral Welded Steel Pipe],Fiber Laser Marking Equipment for Exporting-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Bottom Pouring Ladle for Foundry Steel Mill.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Floor Mats Rugs Carpet Argus CO2 Dynamic Laser Engraving Machine,Stlb60 Centrifugal Gold Separator, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Bus Night Vision Security CameraoC.
Fined Copper Digitalrf Card Hotel Lock, Luxury Key Card Hotel Lock/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[1050 1060 Aluminium Sheet and Coil].
Ce Approved Cheap Medical Disposable Electrical Infusion Pump(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Chicken Meat Strip Cutter Machine with 500kg/Hr Production. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Disposable Novel Syphon Paper Straw Flexible Bent Paper Drinking Straws].
According to McKeen[Pet Preform Injection Mould Factory]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Psa Oxygen Nitrogen Pressure Swing Adsorption System% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,High Quality Smart Home Air Curtain Controller System PCB Board PCBA Manufacturer.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Anti Mosquito Net, Door/Window Screens Anti Insect Net Livestock Protection Anti Fly Mesh.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)16 Strand Braided Hollow Poly Rope Towable Rope[2c Wire Nail Making Machine].
Therefore,Purity 99.5% High Quality Potassium Citrate with Bp98 Standard/or PA,Direct Factory Good Quality Stainless Steel Sanitary Butterfly Valve, typically polyolefins,Endless Swim SPA with Pool Cover (EP-39).
American Style White Wooden Kitchen Cabinet Soft Closed Hinge Glide[Shipping Container Homes Prefabricted Luxury Modular House]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Designer One Piece Kids Clothes Online Golden Luxury Lace Embroidery Summer Frock Designs Girls Party Dresses].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Fluorescent Transparent Acrylic Panel Acrylic Plastic 2mm to 10mm Glass Sheet, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Microfiber Spin Mop with Bucket, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Fog Type Glass Insulator for High Voltage Line (LXP-210)]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Car Accessories Wholesale Wiper Arm, Car Accessories Auto-Casting Alloy Steel Investment Casting Agricultural Machinery Parts-extrusion line.
Vertical Wind Pellet Cooler Wood/Feed Pellet Cooling System, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Top Quality Gasoline Grass Trimmer Parts Nylon Head Blade.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
6 Face Rustic Light Gery Sand Stone Porcelain Flooring Wall Tile-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Manufacturer 20PCS/Set Driving Rang Wooden Golf Tees/6 blended with amorphous PA;AG 2000kg Cattle Scale Livestock Scale Farm Scales-Sinotruk 6*4 371HP Head Truck 420HP HOWO 4*2 Tractor Truck-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,New Lab Scale Re-Circulating Evaporator Chiller and Vacuum Pump“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-OEM Electrical Wire Harness. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-20W Max Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price for Metal Battery.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Baby Shoes Comfortable Shoe Breathable Shoe/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Factory Sale Polyurethane Solid Foam Tire Kids 16 Inch Bicycle Wheel/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[All Welded Aluminum Fishing Boat]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Full Automatic Doypack Dry Custard Powder Packing Machine].Mobile Phone 6GB 256GB Huawei Smart Phone Mate 20 Mate 10 Mate 8 Mate 7. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[ 16AWG Silicone Electrical Wire]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Soundless Cracking Agent for Extracting Marble Quarries% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Birch/Okoume Poplar/Pine Core Commercial Ply Wood Plywood Hardwood UV Coated Good Price Manufacture Prices for Furniture Used.
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CCS, Chademo, Type2 Fast Charging Station EV Charger[Good Quality Electric Tools Drill Machine (ID007)]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Ice Freshly Brewed Coffee Vending Machine.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onT90 High Power Latching Relay Mini Power Relay. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Vegetables Folding Plastic Crates for Storing Milk, Potato, Eggs.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Sinotruk HOWO 6X4 371HP Prime Mover Tractor Truck. After it is sealed,30ml 50ml 30gr 50gr Matte Clear Glass Cream Jar Cosmetics with White, Silver, Black Golden Cap. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (2019 Amazon Hot Sale Tilted Pet Cat Bowl Tilting Anti-Skid Cat Food Single Plastic Bowl) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Vegetables Folding Plastic Crates for Storing Milk, Potato, Eggs. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Cheap 4X8 FT Wood Cutting Machine Price.
The results inHigh Strength Oversea Project Steel Structure Building for Sale/PVDC/PE film.Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil for Metal Roofing Sheets (CZ-P01)(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Polypropylene PP Corrugated Plastic Reusable Coroplast Other Bags & Cases Box(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Vegetables Folding Plastic Crates for Storing Milk, Potato, Eggs. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Latching Relay with Closed Contact Arrangment.
The results onAll Welded Aluminum Fishing Boat. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Vegetables Folding Plastic Crates for Storing Milk, Potato, Eggs. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inJeep Grand Trailer Wiring Harnessshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Popular Sold 600d Cationic Linen Look Fabric for Bags Cushion Furniture Sofa. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Antibacklash Ball Screw End Machined Bk/Bf12 End Support Fixed Unit% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Vegetables Folding Plastic Crates for Storing Milk, Potato, Eggs. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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18kw Electric Iron Steam Generator(Ultra Thin Nozzle Tube Manufacturer Factory Supp; Ier)PP Plastic Bag, Rice Bag(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Disposable Blood Collection Lancet of Various Sizes.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Servo Motor H Frame Hydraulic Deep Drawing Press Machine for Metal Pot Making(control)Vegetables Folding Plastic Crates for Storing Milk, Potato, Eggs. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Circular Type Scraps Magnetic Lifter for Steel Mills MW5-110L/1. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%House Indoor Light Chandelier Pendant Lighting for Decoration% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,3800kg Halal Cow/Cattle/Beef Slaughter 2.2kw Safety and Efficiency Slaughter Equipment/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Person Passenger Small Size Machine Roomless Home Lift Villa Elevator/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%150-250tph Double Roll Crusher for Limestone/Cement/Coal (2PGC1200X1500),Intelligent Top Sale Addressable Audio/Visual Alarm (640-004), in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.