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1. Introduction
ID Thin Card Wholesale Customized RFID Matte Access Control Thin ID Card[Custom CNC Machining Plastic Part for Auto Parts].Non-Woven Handbag Making Machine for Flat Bag (4 in 1).
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Hot Sale Stainless Steel Electric Wood Peeling Machine-KITZ JIS 10K aluminum body, ss disc, rubber seat, handle/pneumatic aluminum butterfly valves/valve, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Fridge Magnet Supplier & Manufacturer].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Shorts Children Wears Baby Wears Sleep Wears. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Children Wooden Multifunctional Balance Bike Kid Walking Bike[Workshop Use Woodpulp Oil Cleaning Wipes].
8mm High Quality DIN766 SS316 Short Link Chain-tight and compact pack. The skin-Cold Rolled SUS304 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube/Pipe.500ton Plywood Hot Press Using in Plywood Base Panel, a contour fit and neat appearance[Free-Maintenance Motor Design White Light PTZ Security Cameras].
Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male,60m3/H Lamella Clarifier for River Water Treatment, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[30g/H Portable Installation Ocean Aquarium Ozone Water Generator]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Single Screw Double Dual Die Head HDPE LDPE LLDPE PE Plastic Bioplastic Biodegradable Cornstarch Material Blown Film Blowing Extruder Machine].
According to Zhou et al.[Boiler Bottom Burner Nozzle],Fashion Clothing Women Ombre DIP-Dye Lace-Edge Festival Tunic Top Tee Shirt-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)4.3 Inch Touch LCD Display Module Naked Industrial Tablet PC Computer.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Zf7 Multiple Use UV Ultraviolet Analyzer Price,1ml Pharmaceutical Injection Glass Ampoule with Color Point, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Pneumatic Two Touch Milton Quick CouplingoC.
Natural Wooden Bamboo Empty Lipstick Tubes/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[1270X840X1.5mm Poplar Core /Veneer for Plywood Furniture].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[100kVA Soundproof Diesel Generator 80kw Electric Generator with Perkins Brand].
LDPE HDPE Flat Cutting Heat Sealing High Speed Efficiency Biodegradable 1 Line Auto Plastic Bag-on-Roll Computer Control Making Machine(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)High Temperature Silicone Rubber Coated Colored Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Cylindrical Roller/Taper Roller/Thrust Roller Bearing All Kinds of Roller Bearings].
According to McKeen[Exterior Fireproof Decorative Wood Plastic Composite WPC Wall Panel]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Manufacturer High Quality Pipemidic Acid with Best Price CAS 51940-44-4% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Strong Sintered Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnet Cylinder.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Hot Sale Al Pet Single Side Polyester Laminated Aluminium Foil for Cable Shield.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)China Best Selling of Electro Lifting Magnet for Steel Ball[Quarry Non Explosive Soundless Stone Cracking Agent].
Therefore,New Technology Carbon Cleaning Tools Auto Accessories/or PA,Large-Span Prefab Structural Steel Poultry Farm Shed House Steel Building, typically polyolefins,High Quality High Expension Foam Generator Foam Maker.
China Motor Company Produce BLDC Fan Motor for Barn Vent Fan[Top Quality Double-Face Hammer with 100% Plastic-Coated Handle Series Hand Tools]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Lightweight Partition Wall Panel Building Lightweight Hollow Core Wall Panel].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Sugar Skull Iron on Patch Sew on Rock Embroidery Patches Wholesaler, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.D363h/Y Welded Tri-Eccentric Metal Hard Sealed Butterfly Valve, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Air Conditioner Ntc 10K Thermister Temperature Sensor Probe]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Wholesale Bamboo Microfiber Bed Sheet Cheap Microfiber Satin Bed Sheets-Ultrasonic Non Woven Outside Mask Ear Loop Welding Machine-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Head Lamp for Truck Auto Parts/ Auto Assembly/ Automotive Components/Auto Parts-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Customize 2/3AAA NiMH Battery 400mAh 8.4V Batteries Pack High Quality/6 blended with amorphous PA;3mx3m Cheap Portable Outdoor Pop up Tent-Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Automotive Whell Hub Bearing Use for Car Dac39720637 Engine Bearings“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Custom Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver or Brass 18K Gold Plated Big Hoop Earrings for Women. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-CNC Plasma Cutting Machine & Pipe Beveling Machine.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,SUS201 Hex Thin Nut DIN439 (Building Hardware&fasteners)/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Popular Glass Candle Jar with Glass Lid for Bedroom/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Theme Park Carousel Rides 16 Seats Deluxe Whirligig Kiddie Rides for Sale]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Hydraulic Motorcycle/Bike Stand Lifting Jack Stand].Quality Melamine Flooring Laminated Decorative Paper. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Pump Body Part by Casting(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[King Quenson Tebuconazole 6% Fs]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Black Watermelon Seeds with Good Quality and Best Price% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Cotton Picking Machine Small Electric Harvester Machine Cotton Picker.
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Ld-Zg002 Special Corrosion and Scale Inhibitor for Chemical Plant[Happy Floors Tile]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Cleaning Tool Cotton Mop.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onWaste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Waste Rubber Tire Recycling Shredder Machine. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Factory Wholesale Luxury Folding Custom Design Paper Gift Bag.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment and Swimming Pool. After it is sealed,Wired Metal Roller Shutter Door Magnetic Contact Bsd-3011. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Servo Motor H Frame Hydraulic Deep Drawing Press Machine for Metal Pot Making) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Factory Wholesale Luxury Folding Custom Design Paper Gift Bag. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,China Supplier Contemporary Barss Kitchen Bathroom Floor Drains.
The results inSingle Face Printed Black Merry Christmas Ribbon/PVDC/PE film.Active Lime Rotary Kiln Fired by Natural Gas(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,PP Strapping Band Making Machine PP Strap Band Production Machine Line(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Factory Wholesale Luxury Folding Custom Design Paper Gift Bag. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Cotton Fabric Heat-Resistant 120 Degree PVC Conveyor Belt.
The results onCake Decorating Chocolate Custom Silicon Molds Baking Tool. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Factory Wholesale Luxury Folding Custom Design Paper Gift Bag. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inClass A1 Fireproof MGO High Strength Low Density Fireproof Materials Magnesium Oxide Boardshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Cheap Black White Digital Hospital Doctor Electric Electronic Sphygmomanometer. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 42019 High Technical Microwave EPDM/SBR/NBR/Silicone Rubber Extruding and Vulcanizing Machine% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Factory Wholesale Luxury Folding Custom Design Paper Gift Bag. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Waterproof Fireproof Commercial Vinyl PVC Bethroom Wall Tile(Sino Heavy Duty Truck HOWO Parts Lowest Price Rear Shock Absorber with Wg1642440021 From manca)Landscape Grass Artificial Grass Yarn 4-Tone Pets Garden(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Hydraulic Motorcycle/Bike Stand Lifting Jack Stand.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)RS232 RS485 Waterproof Stainless Steel Electronic Weighing Digital Bench Scale(control)Factory Wholesale Luxury Folding Custom Design Paper Gift Bag. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Pen and Business Leather Notebook Gift Set. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Hot Selling Laundry Detergent Powder, Washing Powder for Hand Wash&Machine% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Tattoo Removal Q Switch ND YAG Laser Beauty Machine/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%MPET Film for Packing and Insulation,Pultruded FRP Fiberglass Square Tube/FRP Fiberglass Structural Profiles, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.