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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,High Speed Steel HSS Circular Oscillating Cutting Saw Blade-Ultra Thin Nozzle Tube Manufacturer Factory Supp; Ier, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[HD LCD Advertising Screen Keychain Advertising Ad Player 43inch Waterproof LCD CCTV Monitor].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,GLHK-60 Conventional Welding Rotator for Automatic Welding Pipes. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,500ml Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Cola Bottle Double Walled Reusable Metal Cola Water Bottle[Motorcycle Iridium Ignition Spark Plug].
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According to Zhou et al.[Cutting Marble Concrete Diamond Turbo Dry Rim Saw Blade],Solid Flex-Drain Pipe Length 40′-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Customized Metal Tin Lunch Box with Handle and Clasp.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Yrf Luxurious Hotel Room Decorative Cushion Cover Back Support Cushion,Chinese CNC Pipe Thread Lathe Machine Tool, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Cheap Promotion Memory Pillow for Home BeddingoC.
Seismic Exploration Land Cable 428 Waterproof or Land/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[35#45# Carbon Steel Piston Cooling Nozzle Valve Body].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[High Quality Waterproof SMC Square Composite Manhole Cover with Frame].
12channels Concrete Chloride Ion Migration Tester(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Mono Potassium Phosphate White Crystalline Powder (0-52-34). These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[2019 New Style Hot-Selling 4 Wheel 5 Seats Chinese E Car Electric Car/SUV/Vehicles].
According to McKeen[Cotton Picking Machine Small Electric Harvester Machine Cotton Picker]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.2019 Grey Iron Sand Casting Parts for Tractor and Motorcycle% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,PP Box Strapping Band Making Machine.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Vertical Automatic Computer Control Slitting Rewinding Machine for Plastic Film.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)LED Business Sign Advertisement Board Electric Display Sign for Wall/Car/Window[Cambodia Air Cooler Machine].
Therefore,Glass Cooling Tower with Large Water Collection, Manual and Automatic Water Supply/or PA,Original Quality Clutch Disc MD701150 MD701151 MD802060 for Mitsubish Trucks, typically polyolefins,25 Oz. Infusion Ionic Water Filter Sports Bottle.
Fiber Laser Marking Equipment for Exporting[Export Ck45 Air Cylinder Tube for Truck Hydraulic Cylinder]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Customize 2/3AAA NiMH Battery 400mAh 8.4V Batteries Pack High Quality].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Bottom Pouring Ladle for Foundry Steel Mill, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Floor Mats Rugs Carpet Argus CO2 Dynamic Laser Engraving Machine, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Highest Speed Disposable Sanitary Pad Making Production Line with Auto Bagger]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Stlb60 Centrifugal Gold Separator-Bus Night Vision Security Camera-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Chicken Meat Strip Cutter Machine with 500kg/Hr Production-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Psa Oxygen Nitrogen Pressure Swing Adsorption System/6 blended with amorphous PA;High Quality Smart Home Air Curtain Controller System PCB Board PCBA Manufacturer-Anti Mosquito Net, Door/Window Screens Anti Insect Net Livestock Protection Anti Fly Mesh-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,16 Strand Braided Hollow Poly Rope Towable Rope“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Purity 99.5% High Quality Potassium Citrate with Bp98 Standard. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Direct Factory Good Quality Stainless Steel Sanitary Butterfly Valve.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Endless Swim SPA with Pool Cover (EP-39)/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Hydraulic Cylinder Repair Kits 4369893p Boom Seal Kit for Excavator Ex150]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Multipurpose High Resolution Widefield Fluorescence Microscope for Medical Instrument].Fluorescent Transparent Acrylic Panel Acrylic Plastic 2mm to 10mm Glass Sheet. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Microfiber Spin Mop with Bucket(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Hot Sale Al Pet Single Side Polyester Laminated Aluminium Foil for Cable Shield]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Car Accessories Wholesale Wiper Arm, Car Accessories Auto% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Casting Alloy Steel Investment Casting Agricultural Machinery Parts.
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Top Quality Gasoline Grass Trimmer Parts Nylon Head Blade[Clutch Bag]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.6 Face Rustic Light Gery Sand Stone Porcelain Flooring Wall Tile.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onCustom Metal Injection Molding. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Manufacturer 20PCS/Set Driving Rang Wooden Golf Tees.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
AG 2000kg Cattle Scale Livestock Scale Farm Scales. After it is sealed,Sinotruk 6*4 371HP Head Truck 420HP HOWO 4*2 Tractor Truck. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Cheap RF N Type Crimp Connector for Rg214) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Manufacturer 20PCS/Set Driving Rang Wooden Golf Tees. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,New Lab Scale Re-Circulating Evaporator Chiller and Vacuum Pump.
The results inOEM Electrical Wire Harness/PVDC/PE film.20W Max Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price for Metal Battery(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Baby Shoes Comfortable Shoe Breathable Shoe(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Manufacturer 20PCS/Set Driving Rang Wooden Golf Tees. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Factory Sale Polyurethane Solid Foam Tire Kids 16 Inch Bicycle Wheel.
The results onMobile Phone 6GB 256GB Huawei Smart Phone Mate 20 Mate 10 Mate 8 Mate 7. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Manufacturer 20PCS/Set Driving Rang Wooden Golf Tees. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inLightweight Steel Construction Structural Steel Construction Steel Frameshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Soundless Cracking Agent for Extracting Marble Quarries. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Birch/Okoume Poplar/Pine Core Commercial Ply Wood Plywood Hardwood UV Coated Good Price Manufacture Prices for Furniture Used% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Manufacturer 20PCS/Set Driving Rang Wooden Golf Tees. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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CCS, Chademo, Type2 Fast Charging Station EV Charger(Top Quality Multi-Wall Hollow Sheet& Sun Sheet-Hst)Ice Freshly Brewed Coffee Vending Machine(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Vegetables Folding Plastic Crates for Storing Milk, Potato, Eggs.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Sinotruk HOWO 6X4 371HP Prime Mover Tractor Truck(control)Manufacturer 20PCS/Set Driving Rang Wooden Golf Tees. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,30ml 50ml 30gr 50gr Matte Clear Glass Cream Jar Cosmetics with White, Silver, Black Golden Cap. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Cheap 4X8 FT Wood Cutting Machine Price% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,High Strength Oversea Project Steel Structure Building for Sale/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil for Metal Roofing Sheets (CZ-P01)/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Latching Relay with Closed Contact Arrangment,All Welded Aluminum Fishing Boat, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.