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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Pump Body Part by Casting-Black Watermelon Seeds with Good Quality and Best Price, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Double Walled Coffee Cups].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Cotton Picking Machine Small Electric Harvester Machine Cotton Picker. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,5# Big Teeth Plastic Resin Zipper for Luggage Bags[Non-Standard Custom Injection Molding Plastic Parts].
Ld-Zg002 Special Corrosion and Scale Inhibitor for Chemical Plant-tight and compact pack. The skin-Cleaning Tool Cotton Mop.Factory Wholesale Luxury Folding Custom Design Paper Gift Bag, a contour fit and neat appearance[CNC Plasma Cutting Machine & Pipe Beveling Machine].
Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment and Swimming Pool,Wired Metal Roller Shutter Door Magnetic Contact Bsd-3011, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Automatic Industrial Tool Vending Machine with Card Reader]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Complete Fertilizer Pellet Production Line].
According to Zhou et al.[Mountain Bike Wheel],China Supplier Contemporary Barss Kitchen Bathroom Floor Drains-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Single Face Printed Black Merry Christmas Ribbon.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Active Lime Rotary Kiln Fired by Natural Gas,PP Strapping Band Making Machine PP Strap Band Production Machine Line, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Cotton Fabric Heat-Resistant 120 Degree PVC Conveyor BeltoC.
Cake Decorating Chocolate Custom Silicon Molds Baking Tool/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Diesel Fuel Pump Parts C7/C9 Injector Middle Plate 13.5/17.5].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Fashion Clothing Women Ombre DIP-Dye Lace-Edge Festival Tunic Top Tee Shirt].
China Aluminium Screen Amplimesh Grille for Export(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Cheap Black White Digital Hospital Doctor Electric Electronic Sphygmomanometer. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Plastic Injection Bowl Rack Mould].
According to McKeen[Vertical Wind Pellet Cooler Wood/Feed Pellet Cooling System]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.2019 High Technical Microwave EPDM/SBR/NBR/Silicone Rubber Extruding and Vulcanizing Machine% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Waterproof Fireproof Commercial Vinyl PVC Bethroom Wall Tile.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Landscape Grass Artificial Grass Yarn 4-Tone Pets Garden[gjmach-chn.com].
Therefore,Hydraulic Motorcycle/Bike Stand Lifting Jack Stand/or PA,RS232 RS485 Waterproof Stainless Steel Electronic Weighing Digital Bench Scale, typically polyolefins,Pen and Business Leather Notebook Gift Set.
Hot Selling Laundry Detergent Powder, Washing Powder for Hand Wash&Machine[Residential Parking Lot Lighting IP65 150W Outdoor LED Flood Light]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Low Carbon Galvanize Steel Iron Wire].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Tattoo Removal Q Switch ND YAG Laser Beauty Machine, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Ball Screw Support Linear Bearing Ballnut Fixed-Side Support, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Best Quality 48V 80ah 100ah 120ah Lithium Battery Byd Catl Tesla]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Self Balancing Adjustable Boring Tool-MPET Film for Packing and Insulation-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Low Price New Mini Loader Backhoe Hw30-25-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Colorful Sand Surface Bitumen Waterproof Material Factory Price/6 blended with amorphous PA;One Wire Walkie Talkie Surveillance Earpiece with Acoustic Tube-Glass Fibre Media HEPA Filter-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Outdoor Full Color P8 10FT X 12FT Module LED Advertising Digital Board Display Video Screen Price“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Latest Fashion Brooch for Sale Rhinestone Brooch for Women Costume Red and Blue Bowknot Brooch (EB06). The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Epitalon CAS 307297-39-8.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Manufacturing CNC Turning Bike Car Auto Truck Spare Accessories Parts/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Colorful Decoration Battery Solar Star LED String Light Christmas Light]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Zirconium Dioxide Material Zro2 Granules for Optical Coating].Rechargeable Lithium Battery 7.4V 1150mAh Battery Pack with UL. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[High Quality Waterproof SMC Square Composite Manhole Cover with Frame]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Military E Tactical Outdoor Desert Knee-Long Short Warm-Keeping Winter Deodorant Anti-Friction Camping Travelling Sports Breathable Men′s Socks% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Electro Galvanized Knotted Dog Chain Cow Chain with Snap Hook.
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Chocolate Ball Mill Machine in Ss[Over Band Round Type Electro Magnetic Separator for Tramp Iron]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Custom Agriculture Use Roller Ring Breaker Ring Spare Part.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onCustomize 2/3AAA NiMH Battery 400mAh 8.4V Batteries Pack High Quality. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Flex Mdr 26 to SDR 26 Power Over Cable with Thumbscrews Locking and PVC Jacket.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Flex Mdr 26 to SDR 26 Power Over Cable with Thumbscrews Locking and PVC Jacket. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook.
The results inHigh Quality Aluminum Alloy Water Bike for Aquatic Park/PVDC/PE film.Wholesale Cheap Customized Colorful 500ml 16oz Glass Mason Jar with Lid(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Gpsw-II 5kw Intelligent Hybrid Solar Inverter with Copper Isolation Transformer(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Flex Mdr 26 to SDR 26 Power Over Cable with Thumbscrews Locking and PVC Jacket. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,CNC Machine Dust Bellow Covers Accordion Bellow Cover.
The results on2018 Newest Sport Logo Custom Iron on Woven Embroidery Patches. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Flex Mdr 26 to SDR 26 Power Over Cable with Thumbscrews Locking and PVC Jacket. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inHot Sale Al Pet Single Side Polyester Laminated Aluminium Foil for Cable Shieldshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Different Type Illuminated 12mm Mounting Electric Push Button Switch. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Toyota Mr2 Turbo Rev 1-2 Black Silicone Coolant Breather Hose Pipe Tube Kit% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)High Flex Mdr 26 to SDR 26 Power Over Cable with Thumbscrews Locking and PVC Jacket. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Wood Sawdust Pellet Cooler with Screen Mill(control)High Flex Mdr 26 to SDR 26 Power Over Cable with Thumbscrews Locking and PVC Jacket. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,50AA-H Crydom SSR Cmx60d20 PCB SSR DC Relay. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%0.22um 0.45 Micron Hydrophobic Filter Paper PVDF Membrane in Roll% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Digital Sphygmomanometer-Contec08c/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Grinding Ball Mill Machine for Gold Ore Processing Plant,415 Tph Sandvik CH-440 Type Kch-440 Mobile Cone Crushing Plant for Quarry, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.