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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Cake Decorating Chocolate Custom Silicon Molds Baking Tool-China Aluminium Screen Amplimesh Grille for Export, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Colorful Led Pilot Lamp Indicator Light].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Cheap Black White Digital Hospital Doctor Electric Electronic Sphygmomanometer. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,2019 High Technical Microwave EPDM/SBR/NBR/Silicone Rubber Extruding and Vulcanizing Machine[Low Price New Mini Loader Backhoe Hw30-25].
Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet-tight and compact pack. The skin-Waterproof Fireproof Commercial Vinyl PVC Bethroom Wall Tile.Landscape Grass Artificial Grass Yarn 4-Tone Pets Garden, a contour fit and neat appearance[5.5mm X 2.5mm DC Power Jack Socket Panel Mount Adapter Connector].
Hydraulic Motorcycle/Bike Stand Lifting Jack Stand,RS232 RS485 Waterproof Stainless Steel Electronic Weighing Digital Bench Scale, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Sun9c 24W LED UV Nail Dryer Curing Lamp for Fingernail]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[5tons Single Drum Electric Mooring Winch].
According to Zhou et al.[100ml Amber Pet Bottle Manufacturers Cheap Price],Pen and Business Leather Notebook Gift Set-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Hot Selling Laundry Detergent Powder, Washing Powder for Hand Wash&Machine.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Tattoo Removal Q Switch ND YAG Laser Beauty Machine,Ball Screw Support Linear Bearing Ballnut Fixed-Side Support, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Self Balancing Adjustable Boring TooloC.
MPET Film for Packing and Insulation/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Bird Eye Drip-Dry Long Sleeve Sports T-Shirt].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[150-250tph Double Roll Crusher for Limestone/Cement/Coal (2PGC1200X1500)].
Pultruded FRP Fiberglass Square Tube/FRP Fiberglass Structural Profiles(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)180 Degrees Freezing Separation Machine LCD Frozen Machine for iPhone/Samsung/Huawei Normal/Edge LCD Screen (110V). These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Desktop Automatic High Precision Hot Melt Glue Dispensing Robot].
According to McKeen[Cycjet Alt200 Barcode Printing Inkjet Printer Machine on Plastic Bags]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Low Price New Mini Loader Backhoe Hw30-25% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Colorful Sand Surface Bitumen Waterproof Material Factory Price.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/One Wire Walkie Talkie Surveillance Earpiece with Acoustic Tube.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Glass Fibre Media HEPA Filter[Shot Bottles].
Therefore,Outdoor Full Color P8 10FT X 12FT Module LED Advertising Digital Board Display Video Screen Price/or PA,Latest Fashion Brooch for Sale Rhinestone Brooch for Women Costume Red and Blue Bowknot Brooch (EB06), typically polyolefins,Epitalon CAS 307297-39-8.
Manufacturing CNC Turning Bike Car Auto Truck Spare Accessories Parts[Cheap Price Queen Size 12 Inch 30cm Compressed Comfort Latex Cool Gel Memory Foam Mattress in a Box]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Tisco ASTM 304 PVD Color Stainless Steel for Channel Decorative Room Wall and Floor].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Unique Chubby Fish Foundation Brush Blush Glitter Custom Label Mermaid Makeup Brush Set, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Rechargeable Lithium Battery 7.4V 1150mAh Battery Pack with UL, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Nylon Material Baby Bottle Brush Set Nipple Small Cleaning Brushes]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,White High-End Acrylic Plastic Cosmetic Packaging Emulsion Bottles and Cream Jar-Military E Tactical Outdoor Desert Knee-Long Short Warm-Keeping Winter Deodorant Anti-Friction Camping Travelling Sports Breathable Men′s Socks-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Chocolate Ball Mill Machine in Ss-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Custom Agriculture Use Roller Ring Breaker Ring Spare Part/6 blended with amorphous PA;High Flex Mdr 26 to SDR 26 Power Over Cable with Thumbscrews Locking and PVC Jacket-Jiulong Steel Grating with Ce Approval-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,CNC Metal Sheet Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Sale“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-High Quality Aluminum Alloy Water Bike for Aquatic Park.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Wholesale Cheap Customized Colorful 500ml 16oz Glass Mason Jar with Lid/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Gpsw-II 5kw Intelligent Hybrid Solar Inverter with Copper Isolation Transformer/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Single Face Printed Black Merry Christmas Ribbon]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Smart Cover Protector PU Tablet for iPad Sleeve Cases 9.7 Protective].CNC Machine Dust Bellow Covers Accordion Bellow Cover. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Factory Supply Double Pump Portable Petrol Floating Fuel Stations]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,2015 New Design 3D Printing Pen Model% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Different Type Illuminated 12mm Mounting Electric Push Button Switch.
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OEM Custom Challenge Coin Metal Medal Medallion Soft Enamel Zinc Alloy Military Gold Sport Running Award Souvenir Medallion for Event[Polystyrene Cutting Machines]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Hotselling Zink Alloy Die Casting Shoe Buckles, Slipper Shoe Accessories.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported on Deli Food Storage with Airtight Lids. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Outdoor P10 RGB Epistar Chip Mobile Truck LED Billboard.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Outdoor P10 RGB Epistar Chip Mobile Truck LED Billboard. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,50AA-H Crydom SSR Cmx60d20 PCB SSR DC Relay.
The results in0.22um 0.45 Micron Hydrophobic Filter Paper PVDF Membrane in Roll/PVDC/PE film.Digital Sphygmomanometer-Contec08c(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Wide Mouth Mason Pet Jar with Colored Plastic Screw Lids(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Outdoor P10 RGB Epistar Chip Mobile Truck LED Billboard. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Machinery Brace Stamping Metal Frame.
The results onGrinding Ball Mill Machine for Gold Ore Processing Plant. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Outdoor P10 RGB Epistar Chip Mobile Truck LED Billboard. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inNew Arrival Kids Monkey Shape Fashion Crosss Body Bag Coin Purseshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Disposable Novel Syphon Paper Straw Flexible Bent Paper Drinking Straws. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Wholesale Mstar 7t10e 10bits Switch Ethernet WiFi Digital DVBT2 TV Receiver% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Outdoor P10 RGB Epistar Chip Mobile Truck LED Billboard. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Clutch Brake Booster for Yutong Zk6127h Bus(Seismic Exploration Land Cable 428 Waterproof or Land)Stand up Half Strip Office Paper Funny Mini Stapler(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Polyester / Pet (Mylar) Film on Rolls in Milky Color.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Inflatable Boat with Outboard Engine Fishing Boat Fold Boat(control)Outdoor P10 RGB Epistar Chip Mobile Truck LED Billboard. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,12V DC worm gear brushless motor for medical equipment. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Xcjq Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Vacuum Cleaner of Dust Removing Machinery% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Plastic Injection Bowl Rack Mould/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Automatic Feeding Rubber Belt Shotblasting/Sandblasting/Shot Blasting Machine/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Wireless Interactive Whiteboard for Business and School with Free Driver.,Fog Type Glass Insulator for High Voltage Line (LXP-210), in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.