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1. Introduction
5/16 Inch Flexible Natural Argon Gas Hose Stainless Steel Hose[202 304 316 Building Material Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Sheet Coil].20ml 30ml 50ml Pctg Plastic Pump Cosmetic Packaging Airless Bottle.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Print Circuit Board Touch Panel Range Hood PCBA Price-Heavy Duty Waxed Canvas Vintage Leather Women Tote Bag, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Laser Cut Fencing Panels].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,260L 7kw 300L 9kw Heat Pump Hybrid Solar Water System. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,100kw /125kVA Cummins Diesel Generator Set[Detergent Grade 94% Powder Price STPP Sodium Tripolyphosphate for Soap].
New Fashion Winter Cotton Jacket Parka Men Hooded Outerwear with Sherpa Fleece Lining-tight and compact pack. The skin-Cold-Roolled Ribbed Steel Mesh.Low Price Plastic Perfume Spray Bottle Pocket Sprayer Bottles, a contour fit and neat appearance[High Quality Smart Home Air Curtain Controller System PCB Board PCBA Manufacturer].
Stainless Steel Reducer Concentric Reducer, Eccentric Reducer Produce and Supply,Stainless Steel 304 Kitchen Grease Trap Interceptor Oil Water Separator, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Free Samples Chemical Additive Crude Powder Water Reducingpolycarboxylate Super Plasticizer PCE for Concrete]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Metal Precision CNC Spare Parts CNC Brass Machined Parts].
According to Zhou et al.[Jforall Digital 0-5V Capacitive/Capacitance Liquid Motorcycle Fuel Level Sensor],Nordic Home Living Room Furniture Set Marble Sideboard-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Hydraulic Metal Arch Galvanized Corrugated Steel Profile Roof Panel Sheet Brief Curving Bending Roll Forming.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Cheap Prefabricated Steel Frame Warehouse Modular Industrial Sheds,Aluno Aluminum Veneer Price Aluminium Curtain Wall Details, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.EVA Holey Clogs, Hospital Doctor Nurse Chef Hotel Unisex EVA Clogs ShoesoC.
Quality Products Full Plastic 2 Speed Adjustment Hand Fans/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[ cream].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Wholesale China Crystal Round Self Adhesive Sexy Nipple Cover Woman].
Automatic Bottle Drinking Mineral Water Filling Line(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)High Quality Metal Specification 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 Inch Cable Conduit EMT Pipe. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[LED Wall Washer IP65 Decoration].
According to McKeen[Wholesale Plastic Adult Clothes Tubular Hangers for Suits (TH001N-b)]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.New Conditioner Automatic Dog Chewing Food Processing Machines% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Organic Longline Full Sleeve Customized T-Shirt with Contrast Shoulder Panel.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Stainless Steel 2PC Ball Valve with Automatic Reset Handle.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)1X8/1X16/1X32 Rack Type Fiber Optic PLC Coupler/Splitter[Anti-Slip Plywood Factory OEM/ODM Products].
Therefore,1614867301 1619268900 Air Compressor Oil Respirator Filter Element for Atlas Copco/or PA,Sex Toy Oral Sex Doll for Man Silicone Dolls Man Toy, typically polyolefins,Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized PPGL PPGI Prepainted Steel Coils.
Factory Cheap Custom 5ml Mini Frosted Glass Liquid Cream Dropper Bottle[Antistatic PVC PE Steel Wire Reinforced Twisted Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Making Machine]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[2018 Printed Circuit Board Professional PCB Assembly Manufacturer].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,2ml Clear Tubular Glass Vials, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.High Quality Paper Making Dryer Felt of Paper Machine, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Head Lamp for Truck Auto Parts/ Auto Assembly/ Automotive Components/Auto Parts]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Sinotruk Heavy Duty 6X4 HOWO Cargo Truck-Wholeasle Photoluminescent Glow in Dark Pigment for Fishing Lures-extrusion line.
1050 1060 Aluminium Sheet and Coil, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Drop in Anchor Metric Expansion Carbon Steel Bolt.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Whole Ozone Generating Apparatus for Meat Product Cleaning Plant 10g/H-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Crystal Leaf Headdress Bride Hand-Woven Flower Hair Band Hair Clip/6 blended with amorphous PA;95cm Space Saver Stainless Steel Kitchen Storage Holder Over Sink Kitchen Dish Rack-Class A1 Fireproof MGO High Strength Low Density Fireproof Materials Magnesium Oxide Board-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Solid Wood Hampton Inn Hotel Furniture for Guest Bed Room“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-RFID Smart Card Sle5542 Sle4442 Sle4428 Contact Blank PVC IC Card with Hico Magnetic Stripe. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Disposable Nitrile Gloves for Tatto Beauty Salon Blue/Purple/Pink/Black Color.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Hot Sale Medical Diagnostic Psa Tumor Test Kits/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,750kg HS: 2836200000 99.2% Na2co3 Soda Ash Light for Textile Industry/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[1310 Mini Optical Transmitter CATV Transmitter]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Hot Rolled Ss 316 316L Stainless Steel Shafting for Propeller].Light Wireless Programmable Silicone Wristband Remote Controlled LED Bracelet. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Aluminum Stage Roof Truss Facility Structure for Lights Speaker]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Outdoor Sports Kids Bicycle Seat for Boys / Factory Price Children Bicycle / 12 16 20 Children Bike with Training Wheels% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.China Electronic Fly Killer Mosquito Killer Trap Lamp Manufacturers.
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Stright Welding Seam Carbons Steel Pipes[Maximum Temperature Uniformity High Temperature Drying Oven]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Excellent Breathable Sponge Brush for Hair Magic Twist Hair Sponge.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported on3-4 Person Double Layers and Aluminum Pole Material Tipi Indian Camping Tent for Traveling Hiking Beach Fishing. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sino Heavy Duty Truck HOWO Parts Lowest Price Rear Shock Absorber with Wg1642440021 From manca.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Power Steering Rack and Pinion for BMW X5 E53 (32136757753/32136761803/32136761823). After it is sealed,Industry Aluminium Alloy Profile Aluminum Profile for CNC Table. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Wired Metal Roller Shutter Door Magnetic Contact Bsd-3011) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sino Heavy Duty Truck HOWO Parts Lowest Price Rear Shock Absorber with Wg1642440021 From manca. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Custom Manufacture Universal High Temp Standard Silicone Rubber O-Ring.
The results inComplete Fertilizer Pellet Production Line/PVDC/PE film.Rsm-Prt (S) Low Strain Pile Integrity Test(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Fixtec Hand Tool CRV 6′′ Combination Pliers Cutting Pliers(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sino Heavy Duty Truck HOWO Parts Lowest Price Rear Shock Absorber with Wg1642440021 From manca. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Hot Sale Excellent Corrosion Resistance Galvanized Welded Wire Fence Mesh Panel for Building 50*100mm.
The results onSodium Cross-Linked Hyaluronate Acid Dermal Filler 2.0ml Deep. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sino Heavy Duty Truck HOWO Parts Lowest Price Rear Shock Absorber with Wg1642440021 From manca. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inWood Log Debarker MB-Z800 12-15t/Hshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine with SGS/Ce Approval. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Alloy 8011 Pharmaceutical Ptp Aluminum Foil% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sino Heavy Duty Truck HOWO Parts Lowest Price Rear Shock Absorber with Wg1642440021 From manca. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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High Efficient Flooded Water Chiller for Cooling Purpose.(Non Stick Heat Resistant Baking Paper)Fully Automatic Dust Face Mask Making Machine with Ultrasonic(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,High Purity Alogliptin Benzoate 850649-62-6.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Strong Tensile Strength High Carbon Galvanized Steel Wire Cable(control)Sino Heavy Duty Truck HOWO Parts Lowest Price Rear Shock Absorber with Wg1642440021 From manca. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,High Quality Pxt Plastic Pneumatic One Touch Fittings. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%2018 China Recycled Grey Polyester Mattress Pad% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,TTR Plain Structure Polyester Rayon Spandex Fabric 208GSM/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Empty Aluminum Cans Sleek 355ml for Beverage Packing/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Dh48s-S 0.1s-99h Outlet Timer 24 Hour Digital Remote Timer Switch,Gold Aluminum Foil Heat Reflective Reflect-a-Gold Sheet, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.