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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,3120/17/38 Boltable Crane Rail Clips-Free Samples Chemical Additive Crude Powder Water Reducingpolycarboxylate Super Plasticizer PCE for Concrete, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Carbon Steel Phillips Flat Countersunk Head Self Tapping Screw].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Cheap Price Queen Size 12 Inch 30cm Compressed Comfort Latex Cool Gel Memory Foam Mattress in a Box. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,100% Bonded Microfiber High Clo Thinsulate Wadding[1270X840X1.5mm Poplar Core /Veneer for Plywood Furniture].
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Hot Sales Electronic Potting Epoxy Resin,Chaozhou Factory White Ceramic Appetizer Bowl on Sale, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Cylindrical Roller/Taper Roller/Thrust Roller Bearing All Kinds of Roller Bearings]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Exterior Fireproof Decorative Wood Plastic Composite WPC Wall Panel].
According to Zhou et al.[1008 Spindles Auto Doffer Machine for Spinning Ring Frame Polyester Yarn Winding Spinning Machine Cotton Wool Thread Ring-Spun Yarns Making Machine],Disposable Petri Dish, Plastic or Glass Material, 90mm, Transparent-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Chinese Characters Segment Elevator LED Display.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Silica Powder Metal,Epithalon Pharmaceutical Chemical Peptide Anti Aging Polypeptide Epitalon, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.14 Quartz Diamond Saw Blade, Stone Cutting BladeoC.
PE Coated Anti Corrosion Underground Steel Pipe/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Top Quality Double-Face Hammer with 100% Plastic-Coated Handle Series Hand Tools].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Lightweight Partition Wall Panel Building Lightweight Hollow Core Wall Panel].
Desktop Fiber Laser Coding Machine Engraving Machine Laser Marking Machine for Marking on Aluminum Button Label(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)King Quenson Tebuconazole 6% Fs, 25% Ec China Manufacturer. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Air Conditioner Ntc 10K Thermister Temperature Sensor Probe].
According to McKeen[Beer Glass Chiller for Bar]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Wholesale 5m/Roll SMD 5730 Magic Addressable Backlight LED Light Strip% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Small Size/Type/Model CNC CO2 Laser Cutting Engraving Cutter Manufacture/Factory.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/2018 Zt Full Automatic Rebar Thread Rolling Cutting Machine.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)4*2 5 Ton New Wrecker Tow Truck Under Lift Wrecker Truck[Digital Handheld Type Ultrasonic Welding Machine Suppliers for Sale].
Therefore,Hot Press - 8 in 1 - Multifunction Digital Heat Press T-Shirt 1250W/or PA,3 Ton High Quality Electric Chain Block with Low Price, typically polyolefins,Fried Bugles Doritos Tortilla Chips Making Machinery.
Foam Plastic CNC Router for Shape Cutting Engraving[Diesel Driven Water Pump Multistage]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Silicone Rubber Wire and Cable Extrusion/Extruder/Extruding Machine].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Galvanized Products Steel Bridge Grating, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Bathroom Furniture Kkr White Stone Bathroom Sink, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Theme Park Carousel Rides 16 Seats Deluxe Whirligig Kiddie Rides for Sale]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Honed Black Limestone Tiles with Tumble Edge-Wood CO2 Laser Engraver Cutting Machine 960 1390 1325-extrusion line.
Office and School Transparent Stationery OPP Packing Tape, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Leopard Yoga Set Sportswear for Women Fitness Clothing.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
PWM Solar Charge Controller 5A 12V OEM ODM-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;General 4-20mA Low Price Industrial Silicon Pressure Transmitter/6 blended with amorphous PA;Wholesale Custom Luxury Small Jewelry Cardboard Gift Box-Top Quality Hip-5 Medical Portable Single Channel Infusion Syringe Pump with Ce-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Wholesale China Crystal Round Self Adhesive Sexy Nipple Cover Woman“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Heat Resistant 1260c Ceramic Fiber Paper. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Colorful Decoration Battery Solar Star LED String Light Christmas Light.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Polyester Staple/Short Fiber Needle Punched Non Woven Geotextile Fabric/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Nails Making Machine Manufacturer From China/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[King Quenson Tebuconazole 6% Fs]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[ Black Excavator Track Rollers].Airtight Preserving Box/Preserving Box/Four Layer Plastic Lunch Box. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.3-4 Person Double Layers and Aluminum Pole Material Tipi Indian Camping Tent for Traveling Hiking Beach Fishing(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Waste Tire Recycling Crushing Machinery Equipment Waste Rubber Tire Recycling Shredder Machine]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,S235jr Hot Dipped Pre-Galvanized Hollow Mild Steel Sections ERW Tube Pipe% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Electric Magic Hot Hair Styling Curling Iron with Brushes.
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20W SMD LED Linear Track Light[Recycled Plastic Roofing Teja Termoacustica Sun Roof for House]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.500 Watts High Speed 20 Folder Big Foot Ebikes (JL-TDN05Z-FAT-3).5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onStrong Sintered N35 NdFeB Motor Magnet Rare Earth Permanent Magnet. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Ike Conveyor Belt Dehydator Catfish Noodle Drying Machine for Commercial Factory Drying Line.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules. After it is sealed,Custom Service Plastic Rubber and Metal Part for Auto. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (MSDS Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate Sapp) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Ike Conveyor Belt Dehydator Catfish Noodle Drying Machine for Commercial Factory Drying Line. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,125kHz Tk4100 Chip Epoxy RFID Card for Access Control.
The results in23650633 Manufacturer Screw Air Conditioning Compressor Parts Compressed Check Valve/PVDC/PE film.Manufacturer Pet Dog Cat Collar Harness Leash(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Wholesale High Power LED Electric Rechargeable Mini Torch(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Ike Conveyor Belt Dehydator Catfish Noodle Drying Machine for Commercial Factory Drying Line. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Wholesale Good 011 Gauge Acoustic Guitar String From China.
The results onCbt-60 Cbt-65 450mm Coil Diameter Concertina Razor Barbed Wire. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Ike Conveyor Belt Dehydator Catfish Noodle Drying Machine for Commercial Factory Drying Line. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inClutch Brake Booster for Yutong Zk6127h Busshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Special Offers Price of Small Tank Rice Combine Harvester. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Shipping Container Homes Prefabricted Luxury Modular House% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Ike Conveyor Belt Dehydator Catfish Noodle Drying Machine for Commercial Factory Drying Line. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Low Carbon Galvanize Steel Iron Wire
1000L Blow Molding Ton Barrel Chemical Turnover Barrel Plastic Corrosion Resistant(6500k 2700k 24W Round LED Panel Lamp)High-End Colored Standard and Nonstandard Rubber O Shape Seal Ring(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Cycjet Alt200 Barcode Printing Inkjet Printer Machine on Plastic Bags.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)15g 30g 50g Empty acrylic Cosmetic Airless Lotion Pump Square Bottles for Cosmetics(control)Ike Conveyor Belt Dehydator Catfish Noodle Drying Machine for Commercial Factory Drying Line. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,5tons Single Drum Electric Mooring Winch. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%7001-T5 Aluminium Profiles Poles for Tent% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Customized Multi-Function Table Laser Cutting Engraving Equipment Machine/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%SMT Wave Soldering Process for Printed Circuit Board Assembly,Ifi-111 Flange Bolt (Zinc) Made From China, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.