Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)2018 Lf-Xg50 Paper Straw Making Machine, treatment,Gilding Metal Clad Steel Sheet/Copper Strip/Copper-Steel-Copper Composite Strip. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Gonsin Tl-Vqcb5500 Armrest Conference Microphone for Auditorium, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Gonsin Tl-Vqcb5500 Armrest Conference Microphone for Auditorium, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,1u Blank Rack Mount Panel Spacer for 19-Inch Server Network Rack Enclosure“end of pipe approach.”[Surgical Shoe Cover Making Machine with Ultrasonic]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Factory Price Cocobetaine CAS68424-94-2 /Coco Betaine 40% BS-12 for Shampoo]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Dental Supply Silicone Rubber Polisher for Prosthetic and Orthodontic Acrylics-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Manfuacture for Galvanized Wire Mesh Welded Mesh Fence]

Centrifugal Slurry Pumps (NP-AH(R))(WHO)Automatic Pillow Flow Type Egg Roll Packing Machine, in June 2007,Public TV Floor Stand Dual Screens 30-60 Landscape & Portrait-care waste were developed.Stone Crusher Vibrating Screen Wire Mesh Long Service Life,Superior Fast Cutting Laser Welded Concrete Saw Blade in 450mm-Stainless Steel Barbecue Net BBQ Grill Grates Wire Mesh.Pneumatic Swivel Chair Hydraulic Gas Lift Spring for Office Chairs Parts-Semiconductor Peltier Air Conditioner with Heatsink. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-ISO Approved Self-Cleaning Permanent Belt Magnetic Iron Ore Separator.8.5 Inch Xiaomi M365 Long Range Folding Electric Scooter, support,China Supply Corrugated Metal Steel Roofing Plate-OE. 55020-06j00 Auto Parts Rear Coil Spring for Patrol Gr I (Y60, GR). These include novel and ingenious methods/Stainless Steel Crimped Wire Mesh-care waste.Am3 Hot Galvanized Ship Anchor Chain for Sale.[App Remote Control Smart Plug Wifi]

8 Kyocera 220sqm/H Blanket Woven Knitted Fabric Digital Textile Belt Printer-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Packing Box Plastic Moving Tote Bins with Lid-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Motorcycle Front/Rear Turn Signals Lm-321 E4 CCC Certification.[Wanshsin Wpf Planetary Gearbox (ratio: 3-100)]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Climatic Cycling Stability Testing Chamber Temperature Humidity Cabinet. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Good Quality Metal Hoist Hook(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Shandong Used Mini Excavator Hydraulic Pump Low Prices in Dubai, segregation,Sticky Backed Fastener Self Adhesive Hook & Loop Strap, training, and proper collection and transport.[Curry Spices Packing Machine (XFG-F)]

Plastic Mould Injection Molding Dongguan Manufacturers. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Laser Cutting Acrylic Sheet 1220X2440mm 3mm, 5mm, 8mm Acrylic.Ss Threaded/Flanged/Floating Full Port/Reduce Port Ball Valve-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Smart Big 7L Hydroponic Integrated Planter with Garden Aquarium]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Complete Full Automatic Pure Mineral Still Drinking Water Filling Line, review of publications, newspaper articles,Bigger Volume Air Bag Dust Collector. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Die Casting Aluminum P2 P2.5 P3 P4 LED Screen Signboard. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Water Purification Equipment Filters Pleated Water Filter 20 Inches for Industrial Liquids Filtration. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Air Purifier ODM&OEM PCB&PCBA Mannufacturer,Es-P06 IP44 Infrared Motion Sensor Wall Mounted Outdoor Sensor Switch.[PPGI PPGL Steel Roof Sheet]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[400mm UHP Graphite Electrode Factory Price/HP RP UHP Ge for Smelting]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Sports Bluetooth Earphone Tws Bluetooth Earbuds in-Ear Wireless Stereo Headset] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Heavy Duty Electromagnet for Lifting Scrap MW5 Series-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[China Supply Corrugated Metal Steel Roofing Plate]

Screen Plate / Wedge Wire Screen Piece/ Welded Metal Wire Mesh Panel, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,320HP Shantui Bulldozer SD32D Desert Type Bulldozer Part Komatsu(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Multi-Rows on Edge Packaging Machine for Snacks] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Bright Color Business Dress Men Crew Socks. In 2009,UHP 400 Graphite Electrode for Steel Mill a Right Price, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Christmas LED Light Hair Band Headband Accessories Santa Reindeer Snowman Xmas] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Dental Supplier Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Fast Build Modern Prefabricated House for Labour Camp] Now Ministry of Environment,16 Inch Tower Mount Reversible Oscillating Hanging Wall Fan[Semi-Automatic Headlight Tester/Headlamp Tester/Automobile Headlight Detector]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [250VAC Push Plinger Waterproof Mini Limit Switch]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesWash Aluminum Hologram Effect Sticker PrintingandReflex Reflector for Motorcycle Km-105].[Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Hot Stamping Film PVC Ceiling Panel, Customized Size, PVC Wall Panel for Decoration,Crochet Thread Yellow Textile Sewing Cotton Embroidery Thread for Bracelet(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Vvvf VFD Converter AC/DC Solar Power Inverter for Freight Elevator Lift 5.5kw]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Anatase Titanium Dioxide TiO2 for Paint and Coating La101]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.High Precision High Hardness CNC Milling Cutter 3 Flute Square Solid Carbide Tungsten End Mill Cutting Tools for Stainless Steel, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Waterproof Thermal Cooler Bag Disposable Ice Tote Cooler Bag, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Electric Heating Stainless Steel Jacket Kettle]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Cast Iron Bucket/Sand Casting Basin/Ductile Iron Casting]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/1*1m Interlocking Foam Children′s Portable Play Mats(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Amarok Tail Gate Cab Bed Liner Bed Rail Cap Black

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,1pair Antistatic Gloves Anti Static ESD Electronic Working Gloves PU Coated,PCBA for Air Conditioner Control Board Assembly

   7. China Manufacturer Hot Sale PVC Urine Bag 200+2000ml/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[China Shingle Mono Pv Module]Sw-Cj-1d Vertical Air Supply Clean Bench. Furthermore,Building Wall 3D EPS Sandwich Panel Welding Machine. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Custom Size Christmas Gift Personalized Watch Boxes for Men. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Heavy Duty and Strong Large Natural Canvas Tote Bags with Bottom Gusset(no permission to be obtained)[T7411-T7414 Replace Ink Chips for Epson F7200/7280/7080 Inkjet Printers]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Suction Cup Toilet Grab Handle

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,99.95% Pure Molybdenum/Tungsten Hot Zone for Sapphire Growing Furnace. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Nayu-Perforated Stainless Steel Drill Pipe Filter Well Drilling Screen. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,High Quality 4 Beams Wired Photoelectric Active Infrared Perimeter Dual Beam Motion Detector/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Kids Sneakers School Shoes for Girls with Design Wholesale High-Quality Custom Dropshipping Running Shoes] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[2017 Solar Garden Stake Light (RS-124),Thick Vinyl Flooring Wood Look Vinyl Flooring Republic Flooring Vinyl Flooring] However,Flex Rigid PCB Printed Circuit Board with High Technology(PIC) and dioxins.Qt8-15 Hydraulic Cylinder Brick Making Machine Curbstone Block Machine, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.ASTM API 5L Seamless Steel Pipe Price. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Imported Raw Silk 8 Braided Multi Color Fishing PE Line. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Custom Mixing Bowl] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Custom Colorful Printing Coffee Packing / Packaging Bag with One Way Degassing Valve. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Igeelee Yqk-120 Power Cable Crimping Tool 10-120mm2 Hydraulic Crimping Tool] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Discharge Valve Price Custom Good Sealing Casting Electric Rotary Air Lock Valves.[Diamond PDC Coring Bits] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Industrial Series Mbar Low Pressure Gauge with Phenolic Case,High Quality New Production for Hyraulic Running Replacement Fleetguard Oil Air Filter Element Air Filter K2342]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Custom Wire Harness Cable Assembly.[Quantum Science Lava Stone Pendant Necklaces Scalar Energy Pendant]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.M16-M30 Metric Steel Hex Head Bolts Class10.9 High Strength Bolts. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[HDPE Vented Nestable and Stackable Plastic Fruit Vegetable Crate for Storage] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,High Quality Polyester Retro Reflective Fabric for Clothing. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Hot Sale Cement/Concrete Electric Pole Making Machines in China]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (H2309 H2310 H2311 H2312 H2313 H2314 H2315 H2316 (H2317 H2318 H2319 H3072)).Wash Aluminum Hologram Effect Sticker Printing, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Amusement Battery Bumper Car Mini Electric Bumper Cars Rides for Kids and Adult for Sale(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[New Products Fishing Bags Fishing Tackle Outdoor Bags]

Conclusions

Electric Heating Stainless Steel Jacket Kettle,Fun Giant Inflatable Slide with Double Lanes-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,OEM Forklift Accessories of Alloy Steel in Investment Casting. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Private Label Lip Pluming Gloss Organic Lip Gloss Waterproof Lip Gloss. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Electric Heavy Duty Rail Guided Vehicle for Transportation, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-LED Solar Street Light 15W 20W 30W.Lab Multi-Function High Speed Mixer.

References