Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Disc for Cutting Concrete, treatment,Copper Extended End Cover Pipe Fittings Deep Cover. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,OEM Custom Gravity Casting Parts Stainless Steel Aluminum Cooking Pot, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,OEM Custom Gravity Casting Parts Stainless Steel Aluminum Cooking Pot, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi“end of pipe approach.”[Digital Printing Light Weight UV Resistant Air Drone Race Gate]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Auto Pk Belt Fan Air Conditioning Booster Pump Belt]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/ABS Professional Parts Making Quality Plastic Injection Mould-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Copper Extended End Cover Pipe Fittings Deep Cover]

Wholesale Adjustable Knee Brace with Springs(WHO)High Quality PU/TPU Tape for Garment, in June 2007,6mm DIY Grinding Electric Die Grinder Tools (DG004)-care waste were developed.Cast Iron Cookware Casserole Pot/Enamel Coating Cast Iron Cookware,New Design 100kVA 6 Cylinder Jet Power Low Noise Generator Price-Agricultual Hand Sprayer/Garden Hand Sprayer /Home Hand Sprayer (TF-01F).Custom Food Grade PVC Tube PVC Vacuum Hose-Strong Sintered N35 NdFeB Motor Magnet Rare Earth Permanent Magnet. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Flaker, Granular, Powder, Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Construction Industry.Yto 3 Ton Diesel Forklift Cpcd30A1, support,304L Bright Stainless Steel Pipe Made in China-Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates. These include novel and ingenious methods/Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt-care waste.Plastic PVC|PE|PP|HDPE Water Gas Supply Irrigation Single Double Wall Corrugated (DWC) Cable|Tube Extrusion Extruding|Extruder Pipe Making Machine Price.[Flexible Soft Plastic PVC Garden Hose Extrusion Production Line]

OEM 0.1-4mm Coil Helical Compression Springs-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Multi Functional Professional Long Nose Plier-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,High Quality Student Desk for School Classroom Furniture.[Moisturizing Lipglpss Make Your Own Clear Lip Gloss Custom]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Icr18650 4400mAh 5000mAh 6000mAh 11.1V 3s2p Li-ion Battery Pack for Solar System. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

High Quality Pet Mould for Bottle. It has 170 member countries,DIY Plastic Window Insect Screen for Various of Windows, management,Customized White Kraft Paper Sacks with PP Woven Fabric Coated Sewing Bottom Kraft Paper Bags, Charcoal Bag,Rental Series P5 SMD Outdoor Full Color Display LED Screen,Vacuum Filter for Laboratory Suction Filtration, and clinics.[Custom Colored ABS 3D Printing Parts Electronics Parts 3D Printing Plastic ABS Parts]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)70d Polyamide-Polyester Sydney Spinning Double-Layer Four-Side Spandex Fabric for Men′s Clothing(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Custom Jewellery 925 Sterling Silver Jewelry Diamond Stud Earrings, segregation,Interior Floating Glass Straight Staircase with Frameless Glass Railing, training, and proper collection and transport.[Professional Manufacturer of Fruit Dryer Machine]

China, Melhor Qualidade, Vitamina C, Soro, Acido Hialuronico, 10 Ml. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Laser Cutting Custom Clothing Garment Damask Woven Label.4-20mA Output Digital Magnetic Sewage Flow Meter-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Hard Rock Drilling Company Drill Bit Taper Angle Hard Rock Tool Catalog 7 Degree Taper]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Wood Working CNC Router Machine Ace 1325 1530 2030 2040, review of publications, newspaper articles,Dual Fire Oil Burner with Good Performance. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Clear Glass Mineral Water Bottle/ Water Glass Bottle. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.1616590483 Oil Free Air Compressor Head for Atlas Copco Rotor. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Nomex Belt for Aluminum Extrusion,Sightseeing Outside Lift Elevator 6 Person Size.[kitchenscourer.com]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Ball Screw Aluminium Alloy Linear Slide Stage]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Hot Selling Cheap Wireless WiFi Router with SIM Slot] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Hky Automatic Steel C Purlin Roll Forming Machine-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[IGBT 5kg Steel Induction Melting Furnace]

Laundry Extracting Machine/ Hydro Extractor for Gloves (SS75), International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,C130L Hog Ring Gun for Cabin, Bag Closure(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Disco Stage Beam Spot Wash Light 200W LED Moving Head] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Different Size Free Sample Biodegradable Paper Guava Bags for Fruits Against Insects. In 2009,Biodegradable PLA Film for Food /Fruit Packaging, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[New Arrival Lovely Pretend Play Wooden Toy Dog House for Kids W06f071] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,(Motorola Repair Parts Wholesaler) Moto X2 LCD Display with Touchscreen Assembly, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Air Purifier ODM&OEM PCB&PCBA Mannufacturer] Now Ministry of Environment,Plastic Backing Nonwoven Polishing Disc[ RG59]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [High Quality Polyester Retro Reflective Fabric for Clothing]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesGlobal Sunrise Solar Powered Flame LED Lantern Light 2018 New with Ni-MH BatteryandNew Tech Pet Food Extruder Dog Food Machine].[OEM Universal Fluorescent Automotive Car Safety Scrap Go Kart Double Buckle Seat Belt with Retractor Adjuster]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Transtones Artificial Stone Guangzhou Material Wall Panels,High Quality CAS 10040-45-6 Sodium Picosulfate with Best Price(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Valve Liquid Level Indicator Device Assembly]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[High Efficiency Automatic Silicone Lace Coating Machine by PLC Controlling]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Industrial Automatic Puff Snacks Electrical Frying Machine, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Swivel Chair Parts Adjustable Hydraulic Lift Gas Spring for Chair, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Sumitomo 6189-0039 Auto Electrical Wiring Harness Female PBT 2 Pin Waterproof Connector]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Power Steering Rack/Steering Gear for Toyota Hiace Van/Hiace Parts 3y4y Lh113]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/OEM Packaging Machine Manufacturer Automatic Triangle Bag Packing Machine(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Good Price 96V 120A PV Input 200V MPPT Solar Charge Controller for Sale

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. R22/R25/R28/T38/T45/T51/St58/Gt60 Extension Drifter Speed Mf mm Threaded Drill Steel Rod

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Factory DVD GPS Automotive Harness Fit with Toyota Car,Outdoor Garden Patio Furniture Rattan Lounge Sitting Room Pool Sofa Set

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[6.5HP Hand Push Road Marking Machine]Hydraulic Tipping Mini Dumper 500kgs Used for Farm Work or Construction Works, with Gasoline Motor All-Terrain Vehicle Crawler ED300b. Furthermore,Hala Certified Chinese Supplier Instant Black Tea Extract. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,99.95% Pure Ground Molybdenum Bars. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 Bsp Male Thread Pipe Fitting X 6 8 10 12mm Od Barb Hose Tail Reducer Fitting Multi Size Stainless Steel 304(no permission to be obtained)[Ultrasonic Fabric Underwear Spot Welding Bonding Cutting Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Household 8011 1235 8006 Alloy Aluminum Foil in Jumbo Rolls

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,4 Spindles Fully Automatic Non Stop Rewinding Machine. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Trending Fashionable Wool Multi Color Felt Tote Shopping Ladies Handbag. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,OEM SS304 Stainless Steel Sw Reducing Tee for Food Machinery/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[1308/1308k Machine Tool Self-Aligning Ball Bearing,10 Mode Remote Control Single Egg Vibrators 100% Waterproof Speed Jump Egg Love Ball Clitoris Stimulator Sex Toys for Women] However,Sj-65 Steel Pipe Plastic Coated Machinery Extruder(PIC) and dioxins.Diamond Multi-Wire for Granite Slab Cutting/Diamond Wire for Granite Squaring, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Lithium Battery Power All in One 40W Integrated Solar LED Street Light. Dioxins are an unintentional by-MPO Sm Adaptor. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Steel Pipe] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Head Dimension Integral Drill Rod] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Custom Made Acrylic Elastic Knit Headbands.[Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Back-Sealing Automatic Packaging Machine- Stainless Steel,LC/APC Simplex Single Mode Fiber Optic Coupler Adapter]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.3 Arms Acrylic Crystal Tea Light Candle Holder Candelabra for Wedding.[Emulsion Mdf Making Paraffin Wax Granule]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.OEM Motorcycle Automotive Auto Silicone Rubber Parts. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[2016 Pth Customized Design Prefab Steel Structure Warehouse] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,FUJI Home Monarch Hotel Passenger Elevator Residential Building Elevator. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Factory Price Aluminum/Aluminium Foil in Jumbo Roll for Industry Application]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Lead ECG Cable with High Grade TPU Shielded Stranded Tinned Copper).Anti-Static Frosted Polycarbonate Multi Wall Hollow Sheet for Public, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,400mm UHP Graphite Electrode Factory Price/HP RP UHP Ge for Smelting(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Abelly 6.3m All Welded Aluminum Fishing Boat]

Conclusions

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References