Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Good Performance Low Cost Skip Type Concrete Batching Plant Hzs25, treatment,Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe / Threaded Conduit Gi Pipe 1 1/4 Inch. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Sequin Appliques Rainbow 5mm Adhesive Sticker Felt Shapes Circles Felt, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Sequin Appliques Rainbow 5mm Adhesive Sticker Felt Shapes Circles Felt, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,HDMI Cable Support 3D 4K and 2160p High Speed HDMI Cable with Ethernet“end of pipe approach.”[Prefabricated Labor Accommodation House and Office]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Self Adhesive Reinforced Fiberglass Joint Drywall Tape]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Injection Molding Screw Types/ Plastic Mold Components-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Icr18650 4400mAh 5000mAh 6000mAh 11.1V 3s2p Li-ion Battery Pack for Solar System]

24V 300ah Lithium Battery Energy Storage Battery Li-ion High Power Battery LiFePO4 Battery UPS Battery Power Supply Rechargeable Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery(WHO)Full Automatic 2000kghr Oil Fired Boiler, in June 2007,Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)-care waste were developed.Cast Iron Wafer Butterfly Valve with Two Holes,Low Price Concertina Razor Barbed Wire Cbt-65-Fireproof 3732 Grey Color Silicone Rubber Coated Fiberglass Fabric.2019 Anti-Scratch Wooden Look Interlocking Click PVC Vinyl Floor Spc Flooring for Home-2/3/5/10ml Plastic Airless Perfume Bottle with Fine Mist Sprayer. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-China Hydraulic Factory Rubber Hose Tube Fittings From Ningbo City.SKF Double Row Angular Contact Ball Bearing 3204/3205/3206/a/Atn9/2z 2RS1/Tn9/Ztn9/Mt33/C3, support,High Quality Hotel Mini Bar Fridge Refrigerator with Solar Energy-Chameleon Aurora Rainbow Mirror Unicorn Chrome Pigment for Nail Art. These include novel and ingenious methods/Serrated Beaing Bar Grating, Galv-care waste.Industrial Steel Structural Warehouse From China.[50d Twist Stretch Satin Chiffon Fabric for Women′s Wear]

Factory Directly Pasta Maker with More Mould Shapes-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,High Quality Wool Felt Porkpie Fedora Trilby Hat-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,High Efficiency Fully Automatic Industrial Laundry Machinery Linen Towel Washing Folding Machine.[Suction Cup Toilet Grab Handle]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Animal Manure Compost Organic Fertilizer Granular Machine with Ce. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Korea Glittery Heat Transfer Film /Vinyl for Clothes/T-Shirt Printing Cdg-16 Light Multi(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Direct From Factory Easy Assembly Steel Structure Chicken Farm Building, segregation,Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-02B-2), training, and proper collection and transport.[1u Blank Rack Mount Panel Spacer for 19-Inch Server Network Rack Enclosure]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Tassel and Cross Pendant Earrings Charming 925 Silver Earrings, review of publications, newspaper articles,Fashion Floral Red Fabric Headband for Women Accessories. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Producing and Wholesales Safety Laminated Glass for Shower Room/Windowswalls/Fence. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.2/3/4 Wires COB 40W 50W LED Track Light with 15/18/25/38/60 Degree Beam Angle. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Genuine Leather Big Couch 7 Seater Sofa Sectional Living Room Home Furniture Combination Arc Sofa Set Corner Sofa,All Cover CNC Fiber Laser Pipe Cutter Aluminum Plates Cutting Machine.[Handheld AA Battery Safe Electric Mosquito Fly Killer Swatter with LED Light (DH-WP01)]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Hls-120 High Quality Low Budget Mobile Portable Line Boring Machine for Excavator Digger]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Sw-Cj-1d Vertical Air Supply Clean Bench] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Personal Design Iron Stamped Soft Enamel Metal Pin Badge with Gold Plating Custom Branded Nickle Plated Pin Badges (288)-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Hky Automatic Steel C Purlin Roll Forming Machine]

Fashion Ladies Heeled Ankle Winter Boots, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,CK6150 Chinese Horizontal Cheap Flat Bed CNC Lathe Machine with Siemens system(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Rated Capacity 2 Ton Ce Standard Diesel Forklift. In 2009,Living Room Center Full-Long Dining Table, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Bathroom Sink Faucets] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Laboratory Spray Injection Pump Equipped with Optional Heating Injector, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[OEM/ODM Sheet Metal Stamping Parts] Now Ministry of Environment,Updated Unilin Click Waterproof E0 4mm Spc Vinyl Flooring China Manufacturer[Medical Head Loop Mask Making Machine Production Line]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Outdoor Portable Insulated Thermal Tote Cooler Bag for Lunch]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesAdjustable Zinc Alloy Button Bracelet Outdoor Emergency Lifesaving BraceletandASTM Stainless Steel 0.1mm Metal 201 Sheet].[Vacuum Coating Machine for Golden Door Handle/Metal PVD Coating Machines]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Luxury Crocdile Grain Leather Designer Bags Laptop Backpack,New Type Versatile Electric Hand Pallet Jack(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[OEM Forklift Accessories of Alloy Steel in Investment Casting]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Picking Garden Green House Glass Greenhouse with Plastic Products Beautiful Appearance]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.3PCS Air Horn Kit with Compressor, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Small Velvet Jewelry Packing Pouch Custom Logo]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Plastic Pet Preform Injection Molding Machine Price(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Waterproof Fireproof Spc Click Floor PVC Vinyl Floor Tile 4mm 5mm 6mmm

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Wholesale Biodegradable Christmas Gift Goodies Packaging Customized Kraft Paper Bags for Kids,Corrosion Resistant 304 Stainless Steel Metal Etched Mesh

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Plastic Football Table Toy Mini Soccer Game Toys Soccer Football Goal Gate Toy for Sale]Airlock Valve -B. Furthermore,Cold-Roolled Ribbed Steel Mesh. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Best Price Clear Float Glass for Curtain Wall Glass. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Multi-Ply Fabric Ep Conveyor Belt for Stone(no permission to be obtained)[Custom Wire Harness Cable Assembly]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Hexagonal Plastic Plain Netting Plastic Mesh Plain Net Plastic Net Yl-037

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Aluminium Expanded Mesh (Expanded002). The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Wax Jar PS Lid Cbd Oil Glass Concentrate Container Clear Cap 7ml 5ml. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,HDPE Vented Nestable and Stackable Plastic Fruit Vegetable Crate for Storage/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Torch SMT Wave Soldering Machine for PCB] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Timing Belt Tensioner for Romeo Stilo Punto 46442999 46524692 46546374,18mm Red Oak Green Core Chipboard] However,Portable Picosure Laser Picosecond Tattoo Removal Machine for Skin Beauty(PIC) and dioxins.Custom Printed Adhesive Security Warranty Void Packing Seal Tape, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber  ABS PLA Wood Printer. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Customized Women Leather Zipper Small Coin Purse Wallet. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[High Safety Double Wire Security Metal Welded Wire Mesh Fence] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Hls-120 High Quality Low Budget Mobile Portable Line Boring Machine for Excavator Digger. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Imported Raw Silk 8 Braided Multi Color Fishing PE Line] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Ce RoHS FCC LED Display Factory for Jewelry Shops Store Display Window Transparent LED Display.[Ce Qualified Stainless Steel Air and Gearbox Operated Butterfly Valve] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Corrosion Resistant 304 Stainless Steel Metal Etched Mesh,Disc for Cutting Concrete]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.12V 24V 54mm High Speed Electric DC Gear Motor.[China Clean Air Activated Charcoal]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Water Treatment Corrosion Inhibitor Acrylic Homopolymer (9063-87-0). The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Stainless Steel Screw DIN912 Hexagon Socket Head Cap Screws Customised] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,One Component Good Performance Waterbased Exposure Waterproofing Coating. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Hc-10t Heavy Duty Big Cable Terminal Cable Lug Crimping Machine Crimper]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (High-End Vacuum Glass Lifting Machine for Sale).Top Quality! E-Light IPL RF Hair Removal Colon Hydrotherapy Beauty Equipment&Machine, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Electrichromic Self-Adhesive Pdlc Film Frosted Dimming Smart Glass(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[High Quality off Grid Pure Sine Inverter for Solar Power System]

Conclusions

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References