Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Hotel Room Digital Safe with LED Display, treatment,Aluminum Profiles L Shape Tile Edge Trim with Champagne Color. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,4V420-15 Airtac Solenoid Valve, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,4V420-15 Airtac Solenoid Valve, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,ISO2531/En545/En598 Ductile Iron Pipe Fitting Flange Coupling/Adaptor“end of pipe approach.”[ White Backlight]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Curry Spices Packing Machine (XFG-F)]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Machining Part for Fitness Equipment Belt Pulley CNC Turning Parts-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Smart Big 7L Hydroponic Integrated Planter with Garden Aquarium]

Disco Stage Beam Spot Wash Light 200W LED Moving Head(WHO)Carbon Ss400 Farm Gates 1.5 Inch Galvanized Steel Pipe Price Per Meter, in June 2007,Wholesale High Quality Women′s Outdoor Hiking Boots-care waste were developed.Power Steering Rack/Steering Gear for Toyota Hiace Van/Hiace Parts 3y4y Lh113, 103, 109 Yh50 44250-26341 44250-26040,PU Leather for Glove& Clothes Purpose in 0.5mm-PVC View Binder A4 2 D Ring 2.5 65mm White Paper File Folder.Ce Qualified Stainless Steel Air and Gearbox Operated Butterfly Valve-Dx51d+Az120 Cold Rolled Galvalume Steel Coil in Full Hard. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-XL-21 Type OEM Motive Motive Electrical Switchgear Power Cabinet.Industrial Series Mbar Low Pressure Gauge with Phenolic Case, support,Small Yellow Fish Plastic Expansion Bolt From China Factory-Resistant Flame Retardant Fiberglass Cloth Aluminum Foil Tape. These include novel and ingenious methods/Realistic Flat Chest Small Breasts Adult Sex Doll Toy-care waste.Wholesale From China Conveyor Belt Machine and Steel Cord Conveyor Belt.[34 Pin Female Sealed Ecu Connector Manufacturers Cheap Price]

Wholesale Custom Flat Pack Corrugated Kraft Cardboard Paper Gift Box Tea Packaging Box-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,AMS-Tde-04 Snow Fat Tire 350W Electric Bike/Ebike/Electric Bicycle-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Torch SMT Wave Soldering Machine for PCB.[400mm UHP Graphite Electrode Factory Price/HP RP UHP Ge for Smelting]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,2019 Custom Cut out Metal Heart Shape Medal. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

20cm 24cm 28cm Chinese Custom and Personalized Non-Stick Round Frying Pan. It has 170 member countries,Surgical Shoe Cover Making Machine with Ultrasonic, management,15 Inch IP65 Waterproof Industrial Touch Screen Monitor,Teen Children Baby Wear Upf 50+ Sun Protection Swimming Clothing Long Sleeve One Piece Swimsuit with Zipper,Funny Educational Toys Game Learning Rapid Cubes Plastic Toys for Kids H9085013, and clinics.[Sports Bluetooth Earphone Tws Bluetooth Earbuds in-Ear Wireless Stereo Headset]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)UV Protective Highway Polycarbonate Solid Sound Barrier Sheet(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.18mm Red Oak Green Core Chipboard, segregation,Rigid HDPE LDPE Pet PP Bottle and Crate Recycling Granulator Machine /High Speed Singles Screw Extruder Plastic Recycling Machine, training, and proper collection and transport.[China Supply Corrugated Metal Steel Roofing Plate]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.China Manufacturer Custom Bottle Opener Finisher Medals, review of publications, newspaper articles,SUS304 DIN471/JIS2804 Retaining Ring for Shaft. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Newest Designed Globalipl RF Cavitation Best Slimming Machine. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Root of Chinese Clematis Extract, Herbal Extract, Plant Extract. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Fitness Tube 120cm 11PCS Set TPE Exercise Tube,Explosion-Proof Diaphragm Valve for Bag Filtert Since 1992.[Cactus Milk Bottle]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Fast Build Modern Prefabricated House for Labour Camp]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Semi-Automatic Headlight Tester/Headlamp Tester/Automobile Headlight Detector] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Dog Bath Brush with Stainless Steel, Dog Cleaning, Pet Brush-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[250VAC Push Plinger Waterproof Mini Limit Switch]

Custom Factory Ribbon Shape Metal Enamel Awareness Lapel Pins, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Embroidered Patch, Iron on Patch, Personalized Patch, Monogram Patch, Embroidered Patches for Jackets, Name Patch, Company Logo Patch(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Wash Aluminum Hologram Effect Sticker Printing] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%High Effecient Mini Ozone Fridge Sterilizer for Cleaning Fridge. In 2009,China EPE Foam Plank Making Machine for India, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Lion Mane For Dogs] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Custom Sport Snapback Cap Plain Trucker Caps, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies] Now Ministry of Environment,Chili Paste Filling Equipment Liquid Machine[45t Single Drum Hydraulic Tugger Marine Winch]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Wholesale High Quality Women′s Outdoor Hiking Boots]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesSolar Panel Thermodynamic System Domestic Commercial Hot Water Heat PumpandAsynchronous Induction Three Phase Electric AC IP54 Slip Ring Motor].[Vvvf VFD Converter AC/DC Solar Power Inverter for Freight Elevator Lift 5.5kw]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Sumitomo 6189-0039 Auto Electrical Wiring Harness Female PBT 2 Pin Waterproof Connector,Soccer Fans′ Horn/ World Cup Horn with Customized Logo(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[T7411-T7414 Replace Ink Chips for Epson F7200/7280/7080 Inkjet Printers]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Kids Sneakers School Shoes for Girls with Design Wholesale High-Quality Custom Dropshipping Running Shoes]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.LDPE Plastic Garbage Bags for Construction Wastes, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Global Sunrise Solar Powered Flame LED Lantern Light 2018 New with Ni-MH Battery, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[2017 Solar Garden Stake Light (RS-124)]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Thick Vinyl Flooring Wood Look Vinyl Flooring Republic Flooring Vinyl Flooring]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Handwired Vintage 1969 Jmp PA20 Tube Guitar Amplifier Head 15W(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Round Cord Bag Clip End Closure DIY Accessories Rope Buckle

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Stage Light Copy Robe Pointe 10r 280W Beam Spot Wash Moving Head Light 16 and 24 DMX Channels,Wholesale Gi Galvanized Corrugated Steel Roofing Sheet

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[23134]1308/1308k Machine Tool Self-Aligning Ball Bearing. Furthermore,Ve Head Rotor for Citroen - Bosch Injector Pump Parts. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Stainless Steel Sanitary SMS Pipe Fittings Union (JN-UN2002). In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Cast Iron Bucket/Sand Casting Basin/Ductile Iron Casting(no permission to be obtained)[Igeelee Yqk-120 Power Cable Crimping Tool 10-120mm2 Hydraulic Crimping Tool]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Hc-10t Heavy Duty Big Cable Terminal Cable Lug Crimping Machine Crimper

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,No Smoke Biomass Corn COB Carbonization Kiln Price. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,BS-2073b High Level Biological Microscope for College Education. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Stop Valve/Gate Valve for PPR Fittigns/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Diamond PDC Coring Bits] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Industrial Series Mbar Low Pressure Gauge with Phenolic Case,High Quality New Production for Hyraulic Running Replacement Fleetguard Oil Air Filter Element Air Filter K2342] However,Interiro MDF/HDF White Primed Painted Molded Door From Factory(PIC) and dioxins.ERW Welded BS4568 Galvanized Steel Pipe Class 3, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Customized Hot Rolled Bimetal Steel Plate Wear Resistant Steel Plate. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Hot Sale Lovely Shaped Water Filled Baby Soft Teether. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Best Quality China Gold Melting Graphite Crucible] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,OEM Rigid SMT PCB Assembly Printed Circuit Board PCB Manufacture. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[HDPE Vented Nestable and Stackable Plastic Fruit Vegetable Crate for Storage] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,33/0.433kv 100kVA 3 Phase Oil Immersed Power Pole Mount Transformer.[Hot Sale Cement/Concrete Electric Pole Making Machines in China] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[New Products Fishing Bags Fishing Tackle Outdoor Bags,White HPL 600*600mm Coffee Table]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Biodegradable Disposible Straw Pulp Food Box Ppp-1007.[Weld Pipe Fittings - Concentric Reducers.]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Lovely and Dynamic 3 & 6 Seats Mini Merry Go Round Ride. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Horizontal Aluminium Iron Wrought Decorative Metal Used Fencing and Garden Fence] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,220V Meter 1000va Relay Type Automatic Voltage Stabilizer. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Mini Metal Cheap CNC Plasma Cutting Machine]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (China Custom Modern Grey Kitchen Cabinets Guangzhou).Anti-Theft Ss Wire Rope Mesh Bag Hand Woven Stainless Steel Bags, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,2.13 E- Ink Screen with Black&White and 250*122 Resolution for Electronic Shelf Label(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Metal Nameplate Laser Etching Machine Fibre Laser Marking]

Conclusions

Professional Colored Nylon Hook and Loop Magic Tape,PS 450 Upper Discharge Centrifuge-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,XCMG 5ton Wheel Loader Lw500kn Spare Parts. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Aluminum Foil Coffee Food Snack Bean Packing Bag with Gusset. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,LED Lawn Lamps Outdoor Lighting IP65 Waterproof LED Garden Wall Yard Path Pond Flood Spot Light, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Tire Recycling, Rubber, Environmentally Friendly, Odorless, Rubber Recycling, Quality Assurance..10 Inches 250W Tweeter Bass Indoor Show Karaoke Speaker (RS-10).

References