Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Cummins auto diesel engine motor 6ISBE parts 4892338 starter motor, treatment,2 Country Rustic Finish Wood Storage Crate Decorative Tray Carrier Boxes. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Stainless Steel Square 4.3 Deodorization Invisible Floor Drain (FD-K065F), recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Stainless Steel Square 4.3 Deodorization Invisible Floor Drain (FD-K065F), reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine“end of pipe approach.”[UV Protective Highway Polycarbonate Solid Sound Barrier Sheet]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Plastic Flange Housing Ucf310-115 for Electric Hand Tools]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Free Sample Chinese Black Wolfberry Powder-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[1260 Heat Resistant Fireproof Ceramic Fiber Paper]

Matte Black Graduation Gown with Honor Cords(WHO)Ductile Iron Flexible Coupling and Flange Adaptor, in June 2007,Top Quality Customized Hospital Wristband Free Artwork Silicon Rubber Watch-care waste were developed.Egg Table Lamp Rechargeable Table Lamp Color Change Decoration Lamp,Three Phase a. C. Synchronous Alternator/Generator (STC 3KW-50KW)-Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder.2PC/3PC Pn10/Pn16 Handlever Cast Steel Floating Ball Valve-Stainless Steel Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Round Square Tube. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-14 Colors Tactical Military Backpack Molle Camo Camping Hiking Bag.High Brightness P10 Outdoor Green Color LED Display of Outdoor, support,Digital Smart Sensor Body No Contact Infrared Radiation Thermometer-High Quality Enamel Camping Set Tableware Set Food Container Dinner Set Bowl Plate Dish Mug Cup Dinnerware Party Supplies. These include novel and ingenious methods/Humizone Ultra Potassium Humate Leonardite Source Foliar Fertilizer-care waste.Modern Green 4 Person Cross Workstation with File Cabinet (CAS-W31456).[Solar Filter]

OEM CNC Machine Aluminum and ABS Mock up Prototypes-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Plastic Moldstamping Mould,Molding,Tooling for Air Machine ,Water Heater,Cooler,Cooling,Air Conditiner,Refrigerator,Washing Machine,TV,LED,Lighting,Auto Parts,-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Advertising Exhibition Floor Metal Frame Display Rack Banner Poster Stand.[China Flat Knitting Machine Manufacturer]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Hot Sale Supermarket Chiller Supermarket Cooler with Ce Certificate. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)BDS Digital Compass Military Marking Thermal Imaging Fusion Night Vision(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.High Purity Magnesium Ingot 99.99%, Factory Sale Metal Magnesium Ingots Price, segregation,Aluminum Alloy Die Casting for Window/Door Hardware/Hinge (STK-ADC-167), training, and proper collection and transport.[Best Price Food Grade Citric Acid Monohydrate]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Finks 41 Inch Spruce Sapele Folk & Acoustic Guitar Many Colors, review of publications, newspaper articles,Ultrasonic Laminating / Embossing / Welding Clvnv-012. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,High Quality Softcover School Graduation Book Printing. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Disposable Plastic 28g Twist Blood Lancet. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Digital Printing Light Weight UV Resistant Air Drone Race Gate,First-Class DIP Soldering Machine for PCBA Production Line.[Dargon Water Fountain]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Wholesale High Quality Custom Frosted Glass Candle Jar]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Automatic Pillow Flow Type Egg Roll Packing Machine] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Outdoor Portable Insulated Thermal Tote Cooler Bag for Lunch-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[ with Gasoline Motor All-Terrain Vehicle Crawler ED300b]

Rubber Compound Two Roll Mill, Two Roll Mixing Mill, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Good Quality Wall-Mounted Ozone Generator with 10g/H Ozone(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Stainless Steel Fittings] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Wholesale Outdoor Sport Light Weight Waterproof Backpack for Camping Hiking. In 2009,Stainless Steel Automatic Commercial Coffee Machine for Sale with CE Approved, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Furniture Hardware Suppliers for Sale] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Wood Log Debarker and Rounding Machine, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Best Selling Soccer Training Practice Rebound Net (568)] Now Ministry of Environment,Ultrasonic Fabric Underwear Spot Welding Bonding Cutting Machine[Diagnostic Medical Clinical Alpk2 Palm Aneroid Digital Bp Blood Pressure Sphygmomanometer]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [ High Carbon Flat Wire]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesChina 94V0 Electronic Printed Circuit Board PCB Assembly PCBA Board SupplierandAuto Parts Durable Iridium Spark Plug OEM 5303 Ik16].[Mens Slim Fit Long Sleeve Lightweight Zip-up Hoodie with Kanga Pocket]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Micro DC Motor - Auto (Car) Windows Motor,5/16 Rubber Twin Welding Hose W. P 300psi(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Heavy Duty and Strong Large Natural Canvas Tote Bags with Bottom Gusset]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Plastic Pet Preform Injection Molding Machine Price]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Blackened Helical Large Damping Compression Spring for Medical Machinery Spring with ISO 19001 Certification (10*89*177*7.5), CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Optical Workstation Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-11), blood donation camps, and surgical camps[China Manufacturer Hot Sale PVC Urine Bag 200+2000ml]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[High Quality Stn Type Monochrome COB Type Touch Screen for Gas Flowmeter]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Cheap White Pastry Packaging Box with Window(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.ASTM A269 317 Seamless Coil Tubes Stainless Steel Pipe Manufacturer

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   7. Professional Manufacturer of Fruit Dryer Machine/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Chinese Factory Supply Hex Nut]Low Pressure Industry Heatless Regenerative Adsorption Air Compressed Dryers (KRD-12WXF). Furthermore,Sc Specification Electrical Tinned Copper Cable Terminal Lugs. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Pan Base Graphite Felt. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Automatic Hard Candy Depositing Line (PLC Control)(no permission to be obtained)[Anti-Theft Ss Wire Rope Mesh Bag Hand Woven Stainless Steel Bags]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Sea Water API 3lpe LSAW Line Pipe, API 5L Sawl Pipe, Grade B and X42 X52 Steel Pipe

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Blue Light PVC Transparent Plastic Film Shower Curtain. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,LED Bracelet Silicone Bracelet for Parties Vocal Concert and Events. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Disc for Cutting Concrete/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[48kw/60kVA Soundproof Power Moveable Diesel Generator Set] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Factory Directly Pasta Maker with More Mould Shapes,2-288 Core Armoured G652D Aerial Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable] However,Copper Extended End Cover Pipe Fittings Deep Cover(PIC) and dioxins.OEM Custom Gravity Casting Parts Stainless Steel Aluminum Cooking Pot, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. Dioxins are an unintentional by-ABS Professional Parts Making Quality Plastic Injection Mould. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Wholesale Adjustable Knee Brace with Springs. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Calcium Chloride 74%] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,High Quality PU/TPU Tape for Garment.[75GSM Heat Transfer Sublimation Paper in High Transfer Rate] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Kitchen Cookware Dinner Cooking Large Size Stainless Steel Soup Pot,Stop Valve/Gate Valve for PPR Fittigns]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.6mm DIY Grinding Electric Die Grinder Tools (DG004).[Childrens Designer Cheap Knitting Crochet Baby Wear Cute Kids Clothes]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Cast Iron Cookware Casserole Pot/Enamel Coating Cast Iron Cookware. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[PP Reinforced Safety Protection Netting for Construction Building] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,New Design 100kVA 6 Cylinder Jet Power Low Noise Generator Price. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Biodegradable PLA Film for Food /Fruit Packaging]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Agricultual Hand Sprayer/Garden Hand Sprayer /Home Hand Sprayer (TF-01F)).Custom Food Grade PVC Tube PVC Vacuum Hose, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Strong Sintered N35 NdFeB Motor Magnet Rare Earth Permanent Magnet(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Hypoallergenic 100% Polyester Microfiber Duvet]

Conclusions

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References