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Priya Datta
Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
Gursimran Kaur Mohi
Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
Jagdish Chander
Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
Abstract
The safe and sustainable management of biomedical waste (BMW)DIN 928 Carbon Steel Square Weld Nut-care activities. Effective BMW management (BMWM)Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies. This article reviews the recent 2016 BMWM rules, practical problems for its effective implementation, the major drawback of conventional techniques, and the latest eco-friendly methods for BMW disposal. The new rules are meant to improve the segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Electric Heating Stainless Steel Jacket Kettle. For effective disposal of BMWM,Fun Giant Inflatable Slide with Double Lanes,OEM Forklift Accessories of Alloy Steel in Investment Casting-Private Label Lip Pluming Gloss Organic Lip Gloss Waterproof Lip Gloss-care facilities, continuous monitoring of BMW practices, tough legislature,Electric Heavy Duty Rail Guided Vehicle for Transportation.LED Solar Street Light 15W 20W 30W. Besides,Lab Multi-Function High Speed Mixer.
Introduction
Biomedical waste (BMW)Wholesale High Quality Custom Frosted Glass Candle Jar, treatment,Tube Edible Ice Machine Small Capacity 2 Tons Phillipines. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.
The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,M-02 Round Shape Green Plastic Sprayed Garden Spade, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,M-02 Round Shape Green Plastic Sprayed Garden Spade, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Measuring Wheel Foldable Meter Measuring Wheel HD03“end of pipe approach.”[Polycarboxylate Super Plasticizer PCE Flakes Crude Powder for Concrete]
BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Lab Multi-Function High Speed Mixer]
Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/120m PE Braided Fishing Line Carp Fishing Equipment 14lb-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Sightseeing Outside Lift Elevator 6 Person Size]
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Hot Sales Titanium Dioxide Anatase-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Teflon Paper for Heat Press-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Mining Machinery Sandvik Symons Nordberg Mantle Cone Crusher Parts.[15 Inch 15.6 Inch High Brightness Military Rugged Computer]
International Agreement and Conventions
There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,China Supplier European Standard 10 Ton Electric Wire Rope Hoist. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.
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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Exquisite Ceramic Hand Color Double Bones Big Polka DOT Dog Bowl Anti-Tips Pet Cat Bowl Dog Pot Dog Food Bowl(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.FUJI 8 Persons 630kg Stainless Steel Mirror Home Sightseeing Villa Hospital Passenger Elevator Lift for Sale, segregation,Multi-Rows on Edge Packaging Machine for Snacks, training, and proper collection and transport.[1000VDC 30A T Branch Mc4 Solar DC Connector for PV Photovoltaic System (4 TO 1)]
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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India
In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.China Factory Supply Wool Itf Approved Beach Tennis Ball, review of publications, newspaper articles,Heavy Duty Lid Stay Soft Close Lip Stay Support Hydraulic Lift Gas Spring. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,ODM/OEM 8021 Aluminum Foil for Pharmaceutical Packaging Battery Packs Meal Box Materials Ptp etc. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Tianrui A Type automatic egg chicken layer cage feeding system. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Indoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 95),Dn-6 Fully Automatic and Computer Controlled Single-Needle Quilting Machine.[Small Toilet Tissue Paper Manufacturing Machines Making Jumbo Paper Roll]
In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[High Quality White Spray Glass Candle Jar Container for Wedding Centerpiesce]
Biomedical Waste Situation in India
In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Dental Chair Foot Pad Dental Mat Cushion Seat Unit Dustproof Cover Protector] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input 55inch electronic whiteboard white board-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Automatic Aluminum Roller Shutter Garage Door (HF-J328)]
Vacuum Brazed Diamond Saw Blade for Metal Diamond Tool, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,CNC Machinery Industrial Parts and Tools Fitness Equipment Accessories Medical Tube Plastic Extrusion Machinery Industrial Part(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Hot Fashion Colored Crystal Glass Ornaments Bulk Glass Tealight Candle Holder Centerpiece. In 2009,Modern Wooden Plastic Modern Student Kids Baby Classroom School Office Furniture, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Microsurgery Instruments] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,1000VDC 30A T Branch Mc4 Solar DC Connector for PV Photovoltaic System (4 TO 1), increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.
The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Hot! Steel Hospital Treatment Cart Emergency Trolley for Patient] Now Ministry of Environment,Hypoallergenic 100% Polyester Microfiber Duvet[Public TV Floor Stand Dual Screens 30-60 Landscape & Portrait]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Ductile Iron Flexible Coupling and Flange Adaptor]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesVibratory Deburring Bowls Tumbler with Sound EnclosureandHigh Pricision CNC 20W 30W Laser Marking Engraving Machine Mini Marker for Metal].[LED for Skin Rejuvenation]
The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,China Flat Knitting Machine Manufacturer,Industrial Filter Bag for Dust Collector(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Universal Type-C Power Socket Pd Fast QC3.0 USB Charger]
Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Es-P06 IP44 Infrared Motion Sensor Wall Mounted Outdoor Sensor Switch]
As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Rigid Malleable Iron Clamp Back Spacers, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).
Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016
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Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[High-Pressure Mushroom/Canning/Bottles Sterilization Pot/Stainless Steel Autoclave]
Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Back-Sealing Automatic Packaging Machine- Stainless Steel(NACO) or WHO
The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Manufacturing & Processing Machinery Avocado Oil Extraction Coffee Grinder Machine and Cashew Nut Butter Making Machine
To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization
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BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.
The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Mold Designing Factory]Excellent Quality 3-Strand PE Blue Color Fishing and Mooring Ropes. Furthermore,Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver Lucky Key Necklace for Women. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years
The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Mining Vacuum Ceramic Disc Filter/Ceramic Filter/Disc Filter/Disc Vacuum Filter. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Aluminum CNC Turning Metal Milling Machining Parts(no permission to be obtained)[Wholesale Biodegradable Christmas Gift Goodies Packaging Customized Kraft Paper Bags for Kids]
No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Adjustable Office Commercial Suspended Pendant LED Aluminum Channel Profile for Ceiling Light
Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs
Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm3; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm3
Ministry of Environment, Forest,Custom Embroidered Socks christmas Cute Thermal Funky Cotton Socks. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.
Benefits of the new biomedical waste rules
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Another distinction is in the segregation, packaging, transport, and storage of BMW waste.Folding Ebike Fat Tyre.Profession Custom Printing Coloring Book. To overcome confusion created by large number of categories, this has been simplified to make it convenient and manageable for all HCWs. Now, the color coding (i.e., yellow, red, white, and blue) of the bags/containers is linked to a particular type of waste and its specific treatment option. For example, the disposal of chemical solid waste and cytotoxic waste to be done in yellow bag which goes for incineration/plasma pyrolysis/deep burial.
In addition, the HCF has to do pretreatment of various laboratory waste and blood bags according to guidelines of WHO and NACO, to decrease chances of infections being transmitted to HCWs handling waste at treatment stage. Within 2 years, plastic bags, gloves,Ambarella A12 Body Worn Camera for Police 4G WiFi IP65 1080P Police Wearable Body Camera.Pre Engineered Light Steel Structure Building/containers used for BMW treatment and disposal.LED Highbay Light Warehouse Lighting 100W LED UFO Highbay Light.
The BMW in red/blue bag or container which is for recycling will be sent only to an authorized recycler. This will keep the recycler in realm and in control of various government agencies.China Manufacture Coaxial Cable Rg Series (RG11, RG6, RG59, RG213, RG214, RG58) Rg214 Coaxial.
The 2016 guidelines are more specific regarding the dependence of HCFs on CBMWTF and who will provide land for setting up CBMWTF. State government or UT government will provide land for setting up CBMWTF and no occupier of an HCF shall establish an on-site treatment and disposal facility if a CBMWTF is available within 75 kms. This has several advantages as installation and functioning of individual BMW treatment facility as well as recruiting separate, dedicate, and skilled workforce require high capital investment. CBMWTF is a popular concept in developed countries because by operating it at its full potential, the cost of treatment/Wholesale Scc638 High Efficiency Water-Based Cutting Fluid in Hot Sale. Further, this makes control and checking of various waste disposal plants less tedious. Furthermore, maintaining records and log book will streamline the documentation.
The emission standards for incinerator has been made more stringent (Swiss Machining Copper Steel Plastic Metal Titanium Aluminum CNC Machine Parts/nm3, retention time in secondary camber lowered to 2 s).IGBT 5kg Steel Induction Melting Furnace(which are produced at temperature greater than 600°C) and lead to production of carbon dioxide and water.
The new rules lays down new criteria for authorization of an HCF and have made the procedure for getting authorization very simple. Bedded hospitals will get automatic authorization and nonbedded HCFs will get a one-time authorization.
Another improvement in the new rules is in the monitoring sector. The MoEF (Ministry of Environment, Forest,Scaffold Sealed Steel Plank/Metal Deck for Construction Site)White HPL 600*600mm Coffee Table(State Pollution Control Board). Moreover, according to the new rules, the advisory committee on BMWM is now mandated to meet every 6 months.
Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules
One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Aluminum Perfume Bottle with Sprayer. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,16mm Colorful PP Playground Combination Rope for Net/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.
Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Blue Light PVC Transparent Plastic Film Shower Curtain] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.
Incinerator and its Hazards
The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[High Quality Student Desk for School Classroom Furniture,ASTM API 5L Seamless Steel Pipe Price] However,Vertical Weighing Filling Packaging Packing Machine for Food(PIC) and dioxins.Threaded Male Nipple Stainless Steel Air Fittings Plug Pneumatic Quick Connector, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Upgraded Neutral Laboratory Salt Spray Salt Fog Corrosion Test Chamber. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Jiayu Jrr Series Heat Regenerated Adsorption Air Dryer. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Corrugated Paperboard Paper Roll Stand] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Manufacturers Selling High-Quality Food Grade Sodium Sulfate Anhydrous for Food Additives. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Twin Screw Extruder Fish Feed Treats Making Machinery] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,European Market Full HD RJ45 LAN Port DVB-T2 H. 265 TV Receiver.[60m3 Bulk Silo Trailer Wheat Transport for Sale] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[3 Arms Acrylic Crystal Tea Light Candle Holder Candelabra for Wedding,Long Life Silver Plated Reset Slide Switch for Auto Parts]
Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal
The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Auto Shock Absorber Spring for Mazda Automobile Suspension Part.[China Galvanized Threaded Elbow]
Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.
Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Hot Sale 4 Seater Fast Food Dining Room Set. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Korea Glittery Heat Transfer Film /Vinyl for Clothes/T-Shirt Printing Cdg-16 Light Multi] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,2019 OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Eye Lash Cosmetics Makeup Brush Set Kits. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy
Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Injection Molding Screw Types/ Plastic Mold Components]
High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.
Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Xl Mill Rolls Cast Steel Rolls).Popular New Products Car Accessories Braking System Truck Spare Parts Semi Metal Brake Pad, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Best Selling High Quality Automatic Palletizing Robot Machine Manipulator(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Lead ECG Cable with High Grade TPU Shielded Stranded Tinned Copper]
Chemical-based technology
Many chemical used for BMW disposal are currently under development. The type of waste treated by chemical-based technology includes cultures, sharps, liquid waste, human waste, laboratory waste, and soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns). Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Custom Design Top Quality Low MOQ Warm Winter Indoor Long Men Socks-based methods. The chemical-Wine Cocktail Decoration Biodegradable Paper Straw. In chemical-based technology, shredding of BMW is must. The advantages of chemical-based technology include fully automated technique, easy to use, ease of discharge of liquid effluent into the sewage, and no by-products of combustion formed. The disadvantages include toxic by-products due to large-scale chlorine and hypochlorite use, chemical hazards, and often production of offensive odor. The chemical-based technology can be divided into chlorine- and nonchlorine-Pet Supplies Non-Slip Stainless Steel Dog Drinking Water Food Bowl.
The chlorine-Beauty Salon Anti Aging Omegan LED Light Therapy Machine. Sodium hypochlorite was one of the first chemical disinfectants used to treat BMW. Lately, it has been shown that toxins such as dioxins, halo acetic acid, and chlorinated aromatic compounds are released where sodium hypochlorite is used. Chlorine dioxide is unstable, so it is generated and used on-site.Home Decoration Clear Frame with Acrylic Photo Frame. It decomposes to form salt, less toxins are produced with its use, and it does not react with ammonium or alcohol.
Nonchlorine-based technologies use either gas, liquid, or dry chemical to treat BMW.Manfuacture for Galvanized Wire Mesh Welded Mesh Fence. The SteriEcocycle 104uses a portable chamber for collecting waste into which a peracetic acid-based decontaminant vial is added. After 10–12 min, peracetic acid disinfects the waste and aerosolized pathogens are prevented from escaping by use of HEPA filter. The liquid effluent is discharged into sewer and the waste goes as regular rash.[ISO2531/En545/En598 Ductile Iron Pipe Fitting Flange Coupling/Adaptor]
Waste reduction (WR)[Copper Earth Plate] technology uses alkaline hydrolysis at high temperature to convert human and microbial waste into neutral aqueous solution. It is used for human/tissue waste, body fluids, and degradable bags. In addition, it can handle chemotherapy waste. The alkali also destroys fixative sin tissues and various hazardous chemicals such as glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde.Hot! Steel Hospital Treatment Cart Emergency Trolley for Patient-jacketed stainless steel container with a retainer for biodegradable waste such as bone and teeth.[Transtones Artificial Stone Guangzhou Material Wall Panels]
Lynntech's another technology uses ozone for decontamination of BMW.Factory Price Aluminum/Aluminium Foil in Jumbo Roll for Industry Application, ozone destroys microbes and converts into molecular oxygen.[China Manufacturer Custom Bottle Opener Finisher Medals]
Ionizing radiation cause damage to DNA and by producing free radicals cause further damage proteins and enzymes of infectious particles. The electron beam technology produces ionizing radiation in the form of a beam of high-energy electron propelled at high speed to strike the target. The waste to be treated are infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Shiny Laser Holo Powder Rainbow Chrome Manicure Holographic Pigment. The various advantages of this method are that it does not produce toxic emission, no liquid effluent, no ionizing radiation after machine is switched off, fully automated, and low operational cost. The disadvantage include protection from radiation exposure,100W High Quality LED Corn Bulb with ETL Certificate, removal of ozone gas,3D Cartoon High Quality Rubber Keychain Product (SLF-KC006).[Fitness Tube 120cm 11PCS Set TPE Exercise Tube]
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Conclusions
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Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
References
Articles fromJournal of Laboratory Physiciansare provided here courtesy ofWolters Kluwer -- Medknow Publications