Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)China Manufacturer Custom Bottle Opener Finisher Medals, treatment,SUS304 DIN471/JIS2804 Retaining Ring for Shaft. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Newest Designed Globalipl RF Cavitation Best Slimming Machine, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Newest Designed Globalipl RF Cavitation Best Slimming Machine, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Root of Chinese Clematis Extract, Herbal Extract, Plant Extract“end of pipe approach.”[ Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Construction Industry]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Stainless Steel Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Round Square Tube]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Fitness Tube 120cm 11PCS Set TPE Exercise Tube-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[2~3 Cm Natural Long Lasting Decorative Flower Roses for Christmas Gifts & Crafts]

Explosion-Proof Diaphragm Valve for Bag Filtert Since 1992(WHO)Dog Bath Brush with Stainless Steel, Dog Cleaning, Pet Brush, in June 2007,Custom Factory Ribbon Shape Metal Enamel Awareness Lapel Pins-care waste were developed.Embroidered Patch, Iron on Patch, Personalized Patch, Monogram Patch, Embroidered Patches for Jackets, Name Patch, Company Logo Patch,High Effecient Mini Ozone Fridge Sterilizer for Cleaning Fridge-China EPE Foam Plank Making Machine for India.Custom Sport Snapback Cap Plain Trucker Caps-Chili Paste Filling Equipment Liquid Machine. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Sumitomo 6189-0039 Auto Electrical Wiring Harness Female PBT 2 Pin Waterproof Connector.Soccer Fans′ Horn/ World Cup Horn with Customized Logo, support,LDPE Plastic Garbage Bags for Construction Wastes-Global Sunrise Solar Powered Flame LED Lantern Light 2018 New with Ni-MH Battery. These include novel and ingenious methods/Handwired Vintage 1969 Jmp PA20 Tube Guitar Amplifier Head 15W-care waste.Round Cord Bag Clip End Closure DIY Accessories Rope Buckle.[Aluminium Luggage Trolley Cases]

Wholesale Aluminum Outdoor Stake Solar LED Lawn Light-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Luxury Gold King Chiavari Wedding Chair for Wedding Party-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Stage Light Copy Robe Pointe 10r 280W Beam Spot Wash Moving Head Light 16 and 24 DMX Channels.[Decorative Stainless Steel 304 Ss Pipe Supplier]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Wholesale Gi Galvanized Corrugated Steel Roofing Sheet. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Hc-10t Heavy Duty Big Cable Terminal Cable Lug Crimping Machine Crimper(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.No Smoke Biomass Corn COB Carbonization Kiln Price, segregation,Double& Single Faced Tube Storage Cantilever Rack System with 500kg~1200kg, training, and proper collection and transport.[8 Kyocera 220sqm/H Blanket Woven Knitted Fabric Digital Textile Belt Printer]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.250VAC Push Plinger Waterproof Mini Limit Switch, review of publications, newspaper articles,OEM Factory Commercial Automatic Stainless Steel Big Ice Cube Making Machine. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,304 Stainless Steel Staircase Armrest Fittings Shell Cover Foshan. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Customized 8pin Pogo Pin Power Magnetic USB Cable Connector. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Plastic Lid Press Making Machine Cup Lids Forming Machine,Shenzhen China Air Conditioner Universal PCBA.[8-800 Bar Output Pressure Gas Automatic Booster Pump]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Lead Acid Battery Front Terminal 12V 105ah Maintenance Free]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Pet and PP Geobag with UV High Strength Thermal] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,12V200ah/12V150ah/12V100ah VRLA Lead Acid AGM UPS Industrial Storage Battery-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[120W Outdoor Highway IP66 Aluminum LED Street Light Luminaire]

Autoclave Indicator Tape, Chemical Indicator, Process Monitoring, CE, Clinical Consumables, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Cooking Oil Filter Machine Australia Edible Oil Filter Press(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Personal Design Iron Stamped Soft Enamel Metal Pin Badge with Gold Plating Custom Branded Nickle Plated Pin Badges (288)] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%BS-2073b High Level Biological Microscope for College Education. In 2009,Stop Valve/Gate Valve for PPR Fittigns, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Black and White Inner PTFE Wire Braided Hose] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Interiro MDF/HDF White Primed Painted Molded Door From Factory, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Plated Gold Metal Blank Lapel Pins] Now Ministry of Environment,ERW Welded BS4568 Galvanized Steel Pipe Class 3[High Quality Prepayment Energy Meter 12 Volt DC Latching Relays 24V DC Magnetic Contactor Relays]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Unique Die Cut Coloring Hard Cover Kids Board Comic Alarm Clock Book Printing China]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHumizone Ultra Potassium Humate Leonardite Source Foliar FertilizerandEasy Installed Plastic Flooring Interlocking DIY WPC Tiles].[24V 300ah Lithium Battery Energy Storage Battery Li-ion High Power Battery LiFePO4 Battery UPS Battery Power Supply Rechargeable Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Customized Hot Rolled Bimetal Steel Plate Wear Resistant Steel Plate,Hot Sale Lovely Shaped Water Filled Baby Soft Teether(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[2 Gang 5pin Multi Socket with Neon Electrical Power Socket]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Anti-Slip TPU or PVC Tactile Indicator Paving Tile]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.OEM Rigid SMT PCB Assembly Printed Circuit Board PCB Manufacture, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 33/0.433kv 100kVA 3 Phase Oil Immersed Power Pole Mount Transformer, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Bwm Blue Convex Mirror Glass R1200 R1400 R1800]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[SKF Double Row Angular Contact Ball Bearing 3204/3205/3206/a/Atn9/2z 2RS1/Tn9/Ztn9/Mt33/C3]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Biodegradable Disposible Straw Pulp Food Box Ppp-1007(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Lovely and Dynamic 3 & 6 Seats Mini Merry Go Round Ride

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Anti-Theft Ss Wire Rope Mesh Bag Hand Woven Stainless Steel Bags,2.13 E- Ink Screen with Black&White and 250*122 Resolution for Electronic Shelf Label

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Vacuum Emulsifying Mixer Daily Chimical Care Products]Good Price 200 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press. Furthermore,Long Lasting Scent Perfume Sale Online with Factory Price. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Jumbo Neon Bulk Plastic Straight Drinking Straws. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Calcium Chloride 74%, 77%, 94% Bags of 25kg(no permission to be obtained)[20cm 24cm 28cm Chinese Custom and Personalized Non-Stick Round Frying Pan]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,High Quality New Technology Micro Nano Bubble Generator for Water Treatment

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Light Duty Manhole Cover for Sale. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Factory Hollow Section Hot Dipped Galvanized Square /Rectangular Steel Tube or Pipe for Africa /Middle East / Southeast Asia Markets. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Plastic Extruder Machine 16mm-800mm Water Conduit Drainage PVC Pipe Extrusion Line/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[10-120mm2 Cable Terminal Applicator for Crimping Machine Hydraulic Terminal Machine] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[3D PVC Free Peel and Stick Non Woven Printable Wallpaper Material,Customized Arrow Wooden Timber Acoustic Wall Panels with Cheep Price] However,Sanitary Stainless Steel SS304/SS316L CIP Return 2.2kw Self-Priming Pump(PIC) and dioxins.Fiberglass Deck GRP Deck, FRP Pultruded Products, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.High Precision Customized CNC Lathe Ball Screw End Supports Parts. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Loctite 76732 Lubricating Oil. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Multi-Port Ss 304 Manual Three Way Non-Retention Ball Valve] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Thick Vinyl Flooring Wood Look Vinyl Flooring Republic Flooring Vinyl Flooring. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Excellent Quality 3-Strand PE Blue Color Fishing and Mooring Ropes] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Hot Selling Cheap Wireless WiFi Router with SIM Slot.[1.6m Hydraulic Small Home Lift for Disabled] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Good Price 200 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press,Medical Device Orthopedic Surgical Instruments Bone Reamer Drill]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Car Newest Megnet Phone Holder.[Embossed Pvc Sheet]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Vegetable Cutter Kitchen Gadget 330ml Mini Size Handy Pull Chopper, String Pulling Food Slicer and Chopper. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Aluminum Profiles L Shape Tile Edge Trim with Champagne Color] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,High Quality Shape Woven Patch for Clothing/Dress/Cap/Shoe. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[High Quality Wool Felt Porkpie Fedora Trilby Hat]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Automotive Industry Machine by Sonic Welding Equipment).Anti-Slip TPU or PVC Tactile Indicator Paving Tile, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Children Clothes Summer Girls Frock Kids Fashion Dresses(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Good Performance Low Cost Skip Type Concrete Batching Plant Hzs25]

Conclusions

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References