Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Aluminium Profile Roller Shutters OEM/Rolling Screen Aluminium, treatment,Semi-Automatic Headlight Tester/Headlamp Tester/Automobile Headlight Detector. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Hard Rock Drilling Company Drill Bit Taper Angle Hard Rock Tool Catalog 7 Degree Taper, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Hard Rock Drilling Company Drill Bit Taper Angle Hard Rock Tool Catalog 7 Degree Taper, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Shot Gun Hot Stick with 1.4m 10kv Fiberglass Operating Rod“end of pipe approach.”[Dn-6 Fully Automatic and Computer Controlled Single-Needle Quilting Machine]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[ Monogram Patch]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Production Line Make Pre Cooked Corn Meal Maize Powder Flour Making Machine-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[X (S) N-150/30 China Lanhang Rubber Mixing Machine]

Mens High Quality Casual Outwear Windproof Jacket(WHO)Plated Gold Metal Blank Lapel Pins, in June 2007,Hot Air 25kg Pet Plastic Hopper Dryer for Injection Molding Machine-care waste were developed.Blm Mould and Mould Part Production Team Will Utilize Their Experience in The Packaging Industry to Meet Your Mould Build Needs Mould Part,Vvvf VFD Converter AC/DC Solar Power Inverter for Freight Elevator Lift 5.5kw-Tungsten Metal Powder Cast Tungsten Carbide Powder in Various Size.Semi Auto 5 Gallon PC Bottle Blow Molding Machine-0.42mm White Water and Heat Resistant Thermal Insulation Cloth. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Galvanized Aluminum Wire Mesh Window Screen.Gear Box Carbon Steel U Type Flange Butterfly Valve High Performance, support,Dimmable White Silver Shell Shouing Ceiling Lamp 15W LED Downlight-Home Radiator Heating Electric Fireplace with Mantel Packages (319B). These include novel and ingenious methods/Moisturizing Lipglpss Make Your Own Clear Lip Gloss Custom-care waste.Heavy Capacity Lifting Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) for Excavator Assembly.[Water Aerobics Dumbbell]

Food Powder Pouch Printing and Packaging Production Line-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,120W Outdoor Highway IP66 Aluminum LED Street Light Luminaire-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Greatly Discounted Customized Factory Custom Metal Structures.[Sanitary Stainless Steel SS304/SS316L CIP Return 2.2kw Self-Priming Pump]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Electrical Contactor 3TF33 AC Magnetic Contactor. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Solar Battery lifepo4 battery 200ah 48V 50ah 100ah 300ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Storage Battery Pack for Solar System/EV/Ess/UPS. It has 170 member countries,Rubber Soles Vulcanizing Machine/ Press Machine, management,99.95% China Pure Molybdenum Rod,Leather Tanning Agent BCS Basic Chrome Sulphate 24%-26%,Dn25 Approved Stainless Steel 304 Pneumatic Piston Angle Seat Valve, and clinics.[Pan Base Graphite Felt]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Rg59 with 2core Power Coaxial Cable(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.LCD Display Bzc-220V-150A PWM Solar Charge Cntroller, segregation,Kids Education Games Plastic Funny Square Whack-a-Mole Toy, training, and proper collection and transport.[Plastic Backing Nonwoven Polishing Disc]

Custom 100% Cotton Face Cleaning Refreshing Wet Towel. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Diagnostic Medical Clinical Alpk2 Palm Aneroid Digital Bp Blood Pressure Sphygmomanometer.60m3 Bulk Silo Trailer Wheat Transport for Sale-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[12V 24V 54mm High Speed Electric DC Gear Motor]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Stainless Steel Screw DIN912 Hexagon Socket Head Cap Screws Customised, review of publications, newspaper articles,Plastic Flange Housing Ucf310-115 for Electric Hand Tools. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,12 Pin Car Mirror ISO Wiring Harness Manufacturer. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Potassium Humate Powder, Humic Acid Powder. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Poultry House Chicken Feed Silo,HD 1080P 4 Channel Car Mobile DVR with GPS, 3G/4G, WiFi.[Best 6-Axis Electric Screwdriver Machine Robot]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[12V DC PV Panel Lighting Kit Emergency Lamps Shed Lights Energy Saving Lamp]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Diamond Multi-Wire for Granite Slab Cutting/Diamond Wire for Granite Squaring] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Secondary Stainless Steel Coil and Sheet-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[ Sofa Elastic Strap]

Free Sample Promotion Holographic E-Liquid Paper Box Package, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,White Flake Calcium Chloride Dihydrate for Oil(HCF) in India across 20 states.[BS1387 / Greenhouse Galvanized Steel Pipe 1.5′′ 1mm] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%1000W 1500W 3 Meters Pipe Laser Cutter CNC Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Metal Sheet. In 2009,High Quality Cleaning Microfiber Magic Spin Mop with Mop Bucket, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Agv Battery] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,10 Mode Remote Control Single Egg Vibrators 100% Waterproof Speed Jump Egg Love Ball Clitoris Stimulator Sex Toys for Women, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Pneumatic Control Shuttle Valve NPT Thread] Now Ministry of Environment,2017 Solar Garden Stake Light (RS-124)[Heavy Duty Lid Stay Soft Close Lip Stay Support Hydraulic Lift Gas Spring]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Teflon Paper for Heat Press]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesAluminum CNC Turning Metal Milling Machining PartsandCaterpillar Bulldozer Bolt-on Cutting Edge].[Yto 3 Ton Diesel Forklift Cpcd30A1]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Four Colors Silicone Sex Toys Fox Tail Anal Plug,Clear Ampoules Made of Low Borosilicate Class and Glass Tubing(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Factory Hollow Section Hot Dipped Galvanized Square /Rectangular Steel Tube or Pipe for Africa /Middle East / Southeast Asia Markets]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[950 Mechanical Seal Water Pump Mechanical Seal]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.LED Outdoor 5m, 6m, 7m, 8m, 9m 10m Lighting Pole and 30W, 40W, 50W, 60W, 70W, 80W, 90W, 100W, 120W, 150W LED Solar Street Lamp, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Electrical Hot Air Blower Brushless Motor Battery Operated Air Blower Fan, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[ Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[3D Cartoon High Quality Rubber Keychain Product (SLF-KC006)]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Pet PE BOPP PVC CPP Film Slitting Machine(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Yellow Selvage White Multifilament Fishing Tackle Nylon Fishing Net

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Coal Rock Crawler Mucking Loader Machine Rock Mucking Loader for Underground,Customization Spiral Finned Tube Economizer Pipes for Steam Boiler Parts

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[12V24V DC Motor 60mm High Speed BLDC-60s]Night Vision Camera Infrared IP67 Outdoor CMOS Cameras. Furthermore,Vacuum Coating Machine for Golden Door Handle/Metal PVD Coating Machines. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Diamond Pattern Security Barbs Razor Wire. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,SS304 SS316 M6 M8 M10 DIN557 Stainless Steel Square Thin Nut(no permission to be obtained)[Reflective Banner Flex (T7101)]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Precision CNC Machining Turning Anodized Aluminum Washers Spacers

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Medical Disposable Oxygen Mask Nebulizer Mask. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,2.2um Al/Zn Metallized Film for Capacitor Use. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Preseasoned Cast Iron Mini Serving Cocotte Casserole/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[50X70mm Suspended Pendant Lights LED Aluminum Profile for LED Strip Lights] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Preseasoned Cast Iron Mini Serving Cocotte Casserole,2019 OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Eye Lash Cosmetics Makeup Brush Set Kits] However,Fast Change Cassette Corrugated Carton Paperboard Single Facer Machine(PIC) and dioxins.Antique Stainless Steel Arc Backrest Party Banquet Garden Dining Chair, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Auto Parts Alloy 3000 Series Reflective Rolled Aluminium Plate Sheet. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Xgma 3 Ton Earth Moving Machine Small Wheel Loader Xg935h. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Fashion H2 3D Diamond Glass PPG Heart Rate Blood Pressure Lady Smart Watch] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Bytcnc High Efficiency Aluminum Profile Bending Machine Auto. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Greatly Discounted Customized Factory Custom Metal Structures] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Kickstand TPU PC Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 7c/Enjoy 8/Nova 2 Lite/Y7 2018/=Y7 PRO 2018/Y7 Prime.[Good Quality Metal Hoist Hook] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Profession Custom Printing Coloring Book,Reflective Rubber Car Parking Block]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Valve Liquid Level Indicator Device Assembly.[868MHz RFID Stickers RFID Inlay for RFID Inventory (INLAY-UHF)]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.17 X 15 Mesh Fiberglass Window Screen / Fly/Insect /Mosquito Mesh. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Disposable Plastic 28g Twist Blood Lancet] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Squeegee Blade. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Vacuum Filter for Laboratory Suction Filtration]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (for Oil Fields Clay Stabilizer).Galvanized Steel Coil (GI) , PPGI PPGL Ppal Writing Board, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Women Fashion Winter V Neck Long Sleeve Clothes(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[New Pop Design Aluminum Clip in Ceiling for Interior Decorative]

Conclusions

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References