Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Es-P06 IP44 Infrared Motion Sensor Wall Mounted Outdoor Sensor Switch, treatment,Heavy Duty Electromagnet for Lifting Scrap MW5 Series. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Screen Plate / Wedge Wire Screen Piece/ Welded Metal Wire Mesh Panel, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Screen Plate / Wedge Wire Screen Piece/ Welded Metal Wire Mesh Panel, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,320HP Shantui Bulldozer SD32D Desert Type Bulldozer Part Komatsu“end of pipe approach.”[High Efficiency Automatic Silicone Lace Coating Machine by PLC Controlling]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Sumitomo 6189-0039 Auto Electrical Wiring Harness Female PBT 2 Pin Waterproof Connector]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Bright Color Business Dress Men Crew Socks-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Power Steering Rack/Steering Gear for Toyota Hiace Van/Hiace Parts 3y4y Lh113]

UHP 400 Graphite Electrode for Steel Mill a Right Price(WHO)Dental Supplier Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic, in June 2007,16 Inch Tower Mount Reversible Oscillating Hanging Wall Fan-care waste were developed.Hot Stamping Film PVC Ceiling Panel, Customized Size, PVC Wall Panel for Decoration,Crochet Thread Yellow Textile Sewing Cotton Embroidery Thread for Bracelet-High Precision High Hardness CNC Milling Cutter 3 Flute Square Solid Carbide Tungsten End Mill Cutting Tools for Stainless Steel.Waterproof Thermal Cooler Bag Disposable Ice Tote Cooler Bag-1*1m Interlocking Foam Children′s Portable Play Mats. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Amarok Tail Gate Cab Bed Liner Bed Rail Cap Black.Outdoor Cycling Fishing Hiking Beach Camping Head Umbrella Women Men Kids Sun Rain Umbrella Hat Cap, support,6V225ah Deep Cycle Battery Gel Battery for Marine / Golf Cart /Electric Vehicle-1pair Antistatic Gloves Anti Static ESD Electronic Working Gloves PU Coated. These include novel and ingenious methods/PCBA for Air Conditioner Control Board Assembly-care waste.China Manufacturer Hot Sale PVC Urine Bag 200+2000ml.[Kit Tiny Flat Pack Building Office Container House for Sale]

Sw-Cj-1d Vertical Air Supply Clean Bench-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Building Wall 3D EPS Sandwich Panel Welding Machine-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Custom Size Christmas Gift Personalized Watch Boxes for Men.[Ultrasonic Fabric Underwear Spot Welding Bonding Cutting Machine]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Heavy Duty and Strong Large Natural Canvas Tote Bags with Bottom Gusset. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Suction Cup Toilet Grab Handle. It has 170 member countries,99.95% Pure Molybdenum/Tungsten Hot Zone for Sapphire Growing Furnace, management,Aluminum Alloy Wheel for Car with 5 Holes for BMW,Two Flat Pin South America Plug (Y058),High Efficiency Label Ribbons Calender Machine, and clinics.[Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Wholesale Plating Silver Finish Aluminum 6061/Stainless Steel Stamping Metal Parts(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Fashion Design Bhs Shaft End Seal for Concrete Mixer, segregation,79 in 1 Ratchet Screwdriver Bit Set Hand Tool Set, training, and proper collection and transport.[1308/1308k Machine Tool Self-Aligning Ball Bearing]

48kw/60kVA Soundproof Power Moveable Diesel Generator Set. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,5050 Flexible IP67 Silicone Tube LED Strip.Factory Price New Type Fast Connector Fac Sc Upc Fast Connector-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[10 Mode Remote Control Single Egg Vibrators 100% Waterproof Speed Jump Egg Love Ball Clitoris Stimulator Sex Toys for Women]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Top Quality Glutamate Sodium with High Purity, review of publications, newspaper articles,Terracotta ASA Coated PVC Roofing Tile for Villa. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,1602 16 Characters 2 Line LCD Module with Cog Yellow Green LED, White Backlight. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Permanent Magnet for Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS motor). Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Nayu-Perforated Stainless Steel Drill Pipe Filter Well Drilling Screen,High Quality 4 Beams Wired Photoelectric Active Infrared Perimeter Dual Beam Motion Detector.[Car Waterproof Monitor]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Head Dimension Integral Drill Rod]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Flex Rigid PCB Printed Circuit Board with High Technology-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Back-Sealing Automatic Packaging Machine- Stainless Steel]

Qt8-15 Hydraulic Cylinder Brick Making Machine Curbstone Block Machine, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,ASTM API 5L Seamless Steel Pipe Price(HCF) in India across 20 states.[LC/APC Simplex Single Mode Fiber Optic Coupler Adapter] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Imported Raw Silk 8 Braided Multi Color Fishing PE Line. In 2009,Custom Colorful Printing Coffee Packing / Packaging Bag with One Way Degassing Valve, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[China Dryer Machine For Veneer] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Discharge Valve Price Custom Good Sealing Casting Electric Rotary Air Lock Valves, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[2016 Pth Customized Design Prefab Steel Structure Warehouse] Now Ministry of Environment,Custom Wire Harness Cable Assembly[Factory Price Aluminum/Aluminium Foil in Jumbo Roll for Industry Application]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Abelly 6.3m All Welded Aluminum Fishing Boat]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHot Selling Glass Amber Color Beer Bottles 500 Ml Glass BottleandYashi Interactive Whiteboard Touch Screen Smart Board for Teaching].[8.5 Inch Xiaomi M365 Long Range Folding Electric Scooter]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,M16-M30 Metric Steel Hex Head Bolts Class10.9 High Strength Bolts,High Quality Polyester Retro Reflective Fabric for Clothing(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Stainless Steel Barbecue Net BBQ Grill Grates Wire Mesh]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[LED RGB Wash Wall Lighting]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.H2309 H2310 H2311 H2312 H2313 H2314 H2315 H2316 (H2317 H2318 H2319 H3072), CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Wash Aluminum Hologram Effect Sticker Printing, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Rigid HDPE LDPE Pet PP Bottle and Crate Recycling Granulator Machine /High Speed Singles Screw Extruder Plastic Recycling Machine]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[12V200ah/12V150ah/12V100ah VRLA Lead Acid AGM UPS Industrial Storage Battery]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Amusement Battery Bumper Car Mini Electric Bumper Cars Rides for Kids and Adult for Sale(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Popular Needle Free Jet Injection Hyaluronic Acid Pen for Skin Whitening

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Directly Modulated 1550nm Optical Transmitter with AGC,Cheap Price High Pressure Solar Energy Water Heater with Ce

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Unice Peruvian Grade 9A Virgin Cheap Human Hair Extension]High Quality Strong Aluminum Window Screen Door Mosquito Net Insect Net. Furthermore,Draught Beer Brewery Equipment Amstel Bier Beer Brewery Plant. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Insulation Top Hung Aluminum Awning Window with Mosquito Net. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Hot Latest Sexy Womens Gym Wear Online(no permission to be obtained)[China]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Semi Precious Stone Fashiong Natural Crystal Amethyst Beaded Charming Bracelet Jewellery

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,DIN 928 Carbon Steel Square Weld Nut. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,120m PE Braided Fishing Line Carp Fishing Equipment 14lb. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,China Supplier Hard Ware Fittings Gas Spring for Tool Box/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[4-20mA Output Digital Magnetic Sewage Flow Meter] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 Bsp Male Thread Pipe Fitting X 6 8 10 12mm Od Barb Hose Tail Reducer Fitting Multi Size Stainless Steel 304,Secondary Stainless Steel Coil and Sheet] However,Prefabricated Labor Accommodation House and Office(PIC) and dioxins.Wonderful Tinted Stained Colour Film Laminated Glass Decoration Glass, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.99% High Purity Alumina Ceramic Ball. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Automatic Manual Free Switching PVD Coating Machine for Glass Metal. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Banana Extract Powder] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Melamine Particle Board for Outdoor Usage/White Melamine Faced Veneer Chipboard. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Mini Pocket Sprayer Card Spray Liquid Perfume Dispenser Bottle] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting.[Hot Sale Lovely Shaped Water Filled Baby Soft Teether] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Custom Colorful Printing Coffee Packing / Packaging Bag with One Way Degassing Valve,Solar Battery lifepo4 battery 200ah 48V 50ah 100ah 300ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Storage Battery Pack for Solar System/EV/Ess/UPS]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Top Quality Dry Magnetic Separator Used for Iron Mining.[Unique Office Desk]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Elastic Woven Casual Women Shoes Breathable Lady Shoes. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Load 100kg Light and Beauty Home Elevator for Person] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,1325 3 Heads Wood Kitchen Cabinet Door CNC Router. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Diamond Pattern Security Barbs Razor Wire]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (3D Wallpaper PVC Modern Design 3D Wallpapers for Home Decoration).Aluminum Height Adjustable Cane (SC-CR58-67), waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Stone Carving Sculpture Marble Garden Fountain with Planter Pot Fore Home Decoration(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Squeegee Blade]

Conclusions

Chicken Manure Fertilizer Plant Organic Pellets Fertilizer Machine Waste Fertilizer Production Line,Marble granite Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Furniture-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Vertical Cutting Machine Sponge Machine. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.China Factory Supply Wool Itf Approved Beach Tennis Ball. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Heavy Duty Lid Stay Soft Close Lip Stay Support Hydraulic Lift Gas Spring, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-ODM/OEM 8021 Aluminum Foil for Pharmaceutical Packaging Battery Packs Meal Box Materials Ptp etc.Tianrui A Type automatic egg chicken layer cage feeding system.

References