Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Bigger Volume Air Bag Dust Collector, treatment,Die Casting Aluminum P2 P2.5 P3 P4 LED Screen Signboard. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Water Purification Equipment Filters Pleated Water Filter 20 Inches for Industrial Liquids Filtration, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Water Purification Equipment Filters Pleated Water Filter 20 Inches for Industrial Liquids Filtration, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Air Purifier ODM&OEM PCB&PCBA Mannufacturer“end of pipe approach.”[Gear Box Carbon Steel U Type Flange Butterfly Valve High Performance]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Vacuum Brazed Diamond Saw Blade for Metal Diamond Tool]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Es-P06 IP44 Infrared Motion Sensor Wall Mounted Outdoor Sensor Switch-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[China Custom Modern Grey Kitchen Cabinets Guangzhou]

Heavy Duty Electromagnet for Lifting Scrap MW5 Series(WHO)Screen Plate / Wedge Wire Screen Piece/ Welded Metal Wire Mesh Panel, in June 2007,320HP Shantui Bulldozer SD32D Desert Type Bulldozer Part Komatsu-care waste were developed.Bright Color Business Dress Men Crew Socks,UHP 400 Graphite Electrode for Steel Mill a Right Price-Dental Supplier Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic.16 Inch Tower Mount Reversible Oscillating Hanging Wall Fan-Hot Stamping Film PVC Ceiling Panel, Customized Size, PVC Wall Panel for Decoration. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Crochet Thread Yellow Textile Sewing Cotton Embroidery Thread for Bracelet.High Precision High Hardness CNC Milling Cutter 3 Flute Square Solid Carbide Tungsten End Mill Cutting Tools for Stainless Steel, support,Waterproof Thermal Cooler Bag Disposable Ice Tote Cooler Bag-1*1m Interlocking Foam Children′s Portable Play Mats. These include novel and ingenious methods/Amarok Tail Gate Cab Bed Liner Bed Rail Cap Black-care waste.Outdoor Cycling Fishing Hiking Beach Camping Head Umbrella Women Men Kids Sun Rain Umbrella Hat Cap.[Anti-mosquito Hammocks]

6V225ah Deep Cycle Battery Gel Battery for Marine / Golf Cart /Electric Vehicle-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,1pair Antistatic Gloves Anti Static ESD Electronic Working Gloves PU Coated-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,PCBA for Air Conditioner Control Board Assembly.[Rammer 1322 555 Scaler Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Rammer 1322 555 Scaler Hydraulic Hammer Repair Kit]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,China Manufacturer Hot Sale PVC Urine Bag 200+2000ml. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Sw-Cj-1d Vertical Air Supply Clean Bench. It has 170 member countries,Building Wall 3D EPS Sandwich Panel Welding Machine, management,Custom Size Christmas Gift Personalized Watch Boxes for Men,Heavy Duty and Strong Large Natural Canvas Tote Bags with Bottom Gusset,Suction Cup Toilet Grab Handle, and clinics.[ 6m]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)99.95% Pure Molybdenum/Tungsten Hot Zone for Sapphire Growing Furnace(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Aluminum Alloy Wheel for Car with 5 Holes for BMW, segregation,Two Flat Pin South America Plug (Y058), training, and proper collection and transport.[Space-Saving Im1002 Magnetic Refrigerator Relay Used in Smart Grid Era]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.79 in 1 Ratchet Screwdriver Bit Set Hand Tool Set, review of publications, newspaper articles,48kw/60kVA Soundproof Power Moveable Diesel Generator Set. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,5050 Flexible IP67 Silicone Tube LED Strip. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Factory Price New Type Fast Connector Fac Sc Upc Fast Connector. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Top Quality Glutamate Sodium with High Purity,Terracotta ASA Coated PVC Roofing Tile for Villa.[Activity Kids Plastic Floor Mat]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[4 Spindles Fully Automatic Non Stop Rewinding Machine]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Army Camouflage Cotton Plain T Shirt with Short Sleeve] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,1602 16 Characters 2 Line LCD Module with Cog Yellow Green LED, White Backlight-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Fiberglass Deck GRP Deck]

Permanent Magnet for Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS motor), International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Nayu-Perforated Stainless Steel Drill Pipe Filter Well Drilling Screen(HCF) in India across 20 states.[ Bag Closure] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%High Quality 4 Beams Wired Photoelectric Active Infrared Perimeter Dual Beam Motion Detector. In 2009,Flex Rigid PCB Printed Circuit Board with High Technology, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Ac Double Inlet Centrifugal Blower Fan] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Qt8-15 Hydraulic Cylinder Brick Making Machine Curbstone Block Machine, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Packaging Machine Automatic Weighing Filling Machine (AH-FJJ 100/300/500)] Now Ministry of Environment,ASTM API 5L Seamless Steel Pipe Price[Manure Compost Fertilizer Grinding Machine]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Best Electric Ce&ISO Approved Dental Chair Dentist Tools List/Buy Dental Equipment Used/Old Dental Equipment]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables SugarandAutomatic Nonwoven Bag Making Machine with Online Handle Sealing].[Tassel and Cross Pendant Earrings Charming 925 Silver Earrings]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Imported Raw Silk 8 Braided Multi Color Fishing PE Line,Custom Colorful Printing Coffee Packing / Packaging Bag with One Way Degassing Valve(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Automatic Hard Candy Depositing Line (PLC Control)]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Drum / Roll Permanent Magnetic Particle Separator Equipment for Mining]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Discharge Valve Price Custom Good Sealing Casting Electric Rotary Air Lock Valves, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Custom Wire Harness Cable Assembly, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Wholesale Aluminum Outdoor Stake Solar LED Lawn Light]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[400mm UHP Graphite Electrode with Nipples for Smelting]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/M16-M30 Metric Steel Hex Head Bolts Class10.9 High Strength Bolts(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.High Quality Polyester Retro Reflective Fabric for Clothing

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. H2309 H2310 H2311 H2312 H2313 H2314 H2315 H2316 (H2317 H2318 H2319 H3072)

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Amusement Battery Bumper Car Mini Electric Bumper Cars Rides for Kids and Adult for Sale,Popular Needle Free Jet Injection Hyaluronic Acid Pen for Skin Whitening

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Eva Wax]Custom Injection Molding Product ABS Plastic Injection. Furthermore,Directly Modulated 1550nm Optical Transmitter with AGC. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Cheap Price High Pressure Solar Energy Water Heater with Ce. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Plastic PPR Water& Electric Conduit Pipe Tube (extruder, haul off, cutting winding, belling) Extrusion Extruding Making Production Line Machine(no permission to be obtained)[Customized Printed Air Bubble Mailer Bag Padded Plastic Mailing Bags Courier Envelope]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,High Quality Strong Aluminum Window Screen Door Mosquito Net Insect Net

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Draught Beer Brewery Equipment Amstel Bier Beer Brewery Plant. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Wholesale High Quality Custom Frosted Glass Candle Jar. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Tube Edible Ice Machine Small Capacity 2 Tons Phillipines/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Home Decoration Clear Frame with Acrylic Photo Frame] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[ Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Construction Industry,Stainless Steel Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Round Square Tube] However,M-02 Round Shape Green Plastic Sprayed Garden Spade(PIC) and dioxins.Measuring Wheel Foldable Meter Measuring Wheel HD03, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.120m PE Braided Fishing Line Carp Fishing Equipment 14lb. Dioxins are an unintentional by-China Supplier Hard Ware Fittings Gas Spring for Tool Box. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Hair Dryer Brush] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Prefabricated Labor Accommodation House and Office. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[2~3 Cm Natural Long Lasting Decorative Flower Roses for Christmas Gifts & Crafts] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Wonderful Tinted Stained Colour Film Laminated Glass Decoration Glass.[Decorative Stainless Steel 304 Ss Pipe Supplier] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Fast Delivery Custom Made Softcover Book Printing,8 Kyocera 220sqm/H Blanket Woven Knitted Fabric Digital Textile Belt Printer]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.99% High Purity Alumina Ceramic Ball.[Fan 12v 15w]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Automatic Manual Free Switching PVD Coating Machine for Glass Metal. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Bigger Volume Air Bag Dust Collector] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Melamine Particle Board for Outdoor Usage/White Melamine Faced Veneer Chipboard. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Lead Acid Battery Front Terminal 12V 105ah Maintenance Free]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting).Top Quality Dry Magnetic Separator Used for Iron Mining, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Elastic Woven Casual Women Shoes Breathable Lady Shoes(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Pet and PP Geobag with UV High Strength Thermal]

Conclusions

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References