Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Lead Acid Battery Front Terminal 12V 105ah Maintenance Free, UPS System Export to UK, India, Bangladesh, Mumai, Afghanistan, Malaysia, treatment,Qt12-15 High Quality Industries Foam Concrete Block Making Machine. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Aluminum/Stainless Steel Flat Washer, Lock Washer, Spring Washer, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Aluminum/Stainless Steel Flat Washer, Lock Washer, Spring Washer, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Szadp Fiber Optical Fast Ethernet Gigabit Network Poe Switch 8 Port“end of pipe approach.”[Sc Specification Electrical Tinned Copper Cable Terminal Lugs]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Good Direct Manufacturer Customer Metal 3D Award Medals]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Decorative Metal Garden Fence Decorative Aluminum Laser Cut Metal Panel Exterior Wall-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Dental Pfm Crown From China Dental Laboratory]

Bottle UV Sterilizer Baby Bottle UV Sterilizer Sterile Plastic Spray Bottles(WHO)Manure Compost Fertilizer Grinding Machine, in June 2007,Fast Build Modern Prefabricated House for Labour Camp-care waste were developed.OEM Universal Fluorescent Automotive Car Safety Scrap Go Kart Double Buckle Seat Belt with Retractor Adjuster,All in One Integrated Outdoor LED Solar Street Light Price List with Lithium / LiFePO4 Battery DC 12/24V 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 100W 120W-Dual Pillow Tops Design 100% Natural 7 Zone Latex Mattress.Stainless Steel, Low Carbon, High Carbon Flat Wire-High-Pressure Mushroom/Canning/Bottles Sterilization Pot/Stainless Steel Autoclave. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Cummins auto diesel engine motor 6ISBE parts 4892338 starter motor.2 Country Rustic Finish Wood Storage Crate Decorative Tray Carrier Boxes, support,Stainless Steel Square 4.3 Deodorization Invisible Floor Drain (FD-K065F)-Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine. These include novel and ingenious methods/Free Sample Chinese Black Wolfberry Powder-care waste.Matte Black Graduation Gown with Honor Cords.[Factory Sales Pr05 Movable Pipe Welding Rotator]

Ductile Iron Flexible Coupling and Flange Adaptor-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Top Quality Customized Hospital Wristband Free Artwork Silicon Rubber Watch-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Egg Table Lamp Rechargeable Table Lamp Color Change Decoration Lamp.[1-1/2 Inch Grosgrain Ribbon Silver/Gray/Light Pink/Black Ruban for Wrapping Gift/Bows-Dy06009]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Three Phase a. C. Synchronous Alternator/Generator (STC 3KW-50KW). These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder. It has 170 member countries,2PC/3PC Pn10/Pn16 Handlever Cast Steel Floating Ball Valve, management,Stainless Steel Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Round Square Tube,14 Colors Tactical Military Backpack Molle Camo Camping Hiking Bag,High Brightness P10 Outdoor Green Color LED Display of Outdoor, and clinics.[Sticky Backed Fastener Self Adhesive Hook & Loop Strap]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Digital Smart Sensor Body No Contact Infrared Radiation Thermometer(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.High Quality Enamel Camping Set Tableware Set Food Container Dinner Set Bowl Plate Dish Mug Cup Dinnerware Party Supplies, segregation,Humizone Ultra Potassium Humate Leonardite Source Foliar Fertilizer, training, and proper collection and transport.[ Crystal Lamp]

Modern Green 4 Person Cross Workstation with File Cabinet (CAS-W31456). On October 10, 2014, in Japan,OEM CNC Machine Aluminum and ABS Mock up Prototypes.Plastic Moldstamping Mould,Molding,Tooling for Air Machine ,Water Heater,Cooler,Cooling,Air Conditiner,Refrigerator,Washing Machine,TV,LED,Lighting,Auto Parts,-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[High Quality Strong Aluminum Window Screen Door Mosquito Net Insect Net]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Advertising Exhibition Floor Metal Frame Display Rack Banner Poster Stand, review of publications, newspaper articles,Hot Sale Supermarket Chiller Supermarket Cooler with Ce Certificate. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Machine to Make Disposable Plates. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Abelly 6.3m All Welded Aluminum Fishing Boat. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Medical Hospital Equipment Hydraulic Electric Hoist Lifts,High Quality 304 316 Bsp Threaded Stainless Steel Reducing Tee.[Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Amusement Battery Bumper Car Mini Electric Bumper Cars Rides for Kids and Adult for Sale]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Matte Black Graduation Gown with Honor Cords] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Manufacturer Digitaizer Mobile Phone LCD for iPhone 6s LCD-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Tin Table Clock Kitchen Magnet Desk Clock Gift]

BDS Digital Compass Military Marking Thermal Imaging Fusion Night Vision, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,High Purity Magnesium Ingot 99.99%, Factory Sale Metal Magnesium Ingots Price(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Waterproof LED Flash Shoe Light Crystal Epoxy Resin] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Aluminum Alloy Die Casting for Window/Door Hardware/Hinge (STK-ADC-167). In 2009,500mm Coil Diameter Hot-Dipped Galvanized Concertina Flat Wrap Razor Wire, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Leisure Room Chair Pedicure SPA Chair Beauty Salon Chair] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Dual Head Medical Aluminum Stethoscope for Child, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[ or Displays] Now Ministry of Environment,Best Price Food Grade Citric Acid Monohydrate[Laundry Extracting Machine/ Hydro Extractor for Gloves (SS75)]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [ Mobile Automatic Inflatable Spray Booth]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables80tph Brand New Mobile Drum Mix Asphalt PlantandGirl Pink Music Gift Box].[Good Price 96V 120A PV Input 200V MPPT Solar Charge Controller for Sale]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Finks 41 Inch Spruce Sapele Folk & Acoustic Guitar Many Colors,Ultrasonic Laminating / Embossing / Welding Clvnv-012(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Polyester Auto Hanging Seat Back Collapsible Car Trunk Organizer]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Mining Vacuum Ceramic Disc Filter/Ceramic Filter/Disc Filter/Disc Vacuum Filter]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.High Quality Softcover School Graduation Book Printing, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Disposable Plastic 28g Twist Blood Lancet, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Shower Room G79z21L Wholesale Price High Grade 304SUS Sliding Glass Bathroom Luxury]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[15ml 30ml 50ml 100ml Black Gold Transparent Acrylic Plastic Airless Cosmetic Lotion Pump Bottle for Personal Care]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Digital Printing Light Weight UV Resistant Air Drone Race Gate(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.First-Class DIP Soldering Machine for PCBA Production Line

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Good Quality Wall-Mounted Ozone Generator with 10g/H Ozone,Wholesale Outdoor Sport Light Weight Waterproof Backpack for Camping Hiking

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[New Ultrasonic Fusing Sealing Machine Non Woven Bag Welding Machine for Fabric]Wood Log Debarker and Rounding Machine. Furthermore,Ultrasonic Fabric Underwear Spot Welding Bonding Cutting Machine. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Micro DC Motor - Auto (Car) Windows Motor. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,5/16 Rubber Twin Welding Hose W. P 300psi(no permission to be obtained)[Plastic Machinery for Producing IC Electronics Package Pipe]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Blackened Helical Large Damping Compression Spring for Medical Machinery Spring with ISO 19001 Certification (10*89*177*7.5)

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Optical Workstation Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-11). The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Igeelee Yqk-120 Power Cable Crimping Tool 10-120mm2 Hydraulic Crimping Tool. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Self Adhesive Reinforced Fiberglass Joint Drywall Tape, Fiberglass Anti Cracking Drywall Tape/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Stock! ! Silica Gel Orange Beads 2-4mm for Moisture Adsorption] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[China Supplier European Standard 10 Ton Electric Wire Rope Hoist,Hot Latest Sexy Womens Gym Wear Online] However,Crude Powder Mixer Machine in Pharmaceutical Industry(PIC) and dioxins.One-Piece Micro Needle RF System for Scar and Pregnancy Line Remover Beauty Machine, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.304, 316 Stainless Steel Slot Pipe for Glass Railing. Dioxins are an unintentional by-TCP/IP Network Poe 15W Active Wall Mount Speaker Waterproof. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[3D Wallpaper Brick Design Vinyl Wall Paper for Home Decoration] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,2016 Most Competitive Price of Calcium Chloride 74% 77% 94% 95%. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Precision CNC Machining Turning Anodized Aluminum Washers Spacers] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Excellent Performance Ultrasound Bone Densitometer/ Trolley Ultrasound Machine Price.[Aluminium Profile Roller Shutters OEM/Rolling Screen Aluminium] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[50% Oleuropein Extract Olive Leaf Extract Powder Canarium Album Raeusch. Extract,Fully Automatic Biodegradable Star Sealing Garbage Bag-on-Roll Plastic Trash Bag Making Machine Manufacturers]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Cups Plastic Container Custom Bento Box DC-16.[Stainless Steel CNC Turning Machining Processing Stainless Steel CNC Turning Machining Processing Engineering Mechanical Parts]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Mount Outdoor LED Lighting Street Lighting Luminaires. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Cast Iron Wafer Butterfly Valve with Two Holes] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,X (S) N-150/30 China Lanhang Rubber Mixing Machine. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[12 Pin Car Mirror ISO Wiring Harness Manufacturer]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Best Selling Soccer Training Practice Rebound Net (568)).Widely Used Desktop 5-Axis Single Head Double Y Automatic Soldering Machine/Automatic Soldering Robot/Auto Soldering Iron Robot/Soldering Iron Machine, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,LED Bracelet Silicone Bracelet for Parties Vocal Concert and Events(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Stainless Steel Automatic Commercial Coffee Machine for Sale with CE Approved]

Conclusions

Flaker, Granular, Powder, Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Construction Industry,Yto 3 Ton Diesel Forklift Cpcd30A1-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,304L Bright Stainless Steel Pipe Made in China. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Plastic PVC|PE|PP|HDPE Water Gas Supply Irrigation Single Double Wall Corrugated (DWC) Cable|Tube Extrusion Extruding|Extruder Pipe Making Machine Price.OEM 0.1-4mm Coil Helical Compression Springs.

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