Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film, treatment,Custom Made Acrylic Elastic Knit Headbands. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,3 Arms Acrylic Crystal Tea Light Candle Holder Candelabra for Wedding, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,3 Arms Acrylic Crystal Tea Light Candle Holder Candelabra for Wedding, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,OEM Motorcycle Automotive Auto Silicone Rubber Parts“end of pipe approach.”[Qingdao Us Type Load Binder Lever Chain Tensioner]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Pharmaceutical Grade Thymosin Beta-4 CAS No. 77591-33-4 Tb 500 Peptide]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/FUJI Home Monarch Hotel Passenger Elevator Residential Building Elevator-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Fashion Ladies Heeled Ankle Winter Boots]

Lead ECG Cable with High Grade TPU Shielded Stranded Tinned Copper(WHO)Anti-Static Frosted Polycarbonate Multi Wall Hollow Sheet for Public, in June 2007,400mm UHP Graphite Electrode Factory Price/HP RP UHP Ge for Smelting-care waste were developed.430HP Sitrak C7h 6X4 Tractor Heads, Prime Movers Rhd 390HP for Malawi,12 Inch Industrial Touch Screen Panel for Panel PCS, Touch Monitor, or Displays-Supermarket PVC Price Label Holder for Hook.Heat Transfer Silicone Roller for Thermal Transfer-OEM ODM Casting Parts Chain Wheel, Sprocket Wheel. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Load 100kg Light and Beauty Home Elevator for Person.Decorative Stainless Steel 304 Ss Pipe Supplier, support,T Type Thermal Break Strip-Chinese Supplier Anti Slip Lvt Vinyl Flooring Spc Floor. These include novel and ingenious methods/Reflective Banner Flex (T7101)-care waste.400mm UHP Graphite Electrode with Nipples for Smelting.[4mmthickness Interior Wall Decorative Luxury Glass Mosaic for Living Room]

with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,3D Lenticular Postcard 3D Printed Plastic Promotion 3D Gift Card.[ABS Professional Parts Making Quality Plastic Injection Mould]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,9′′ 6CH 1080 HD Mobile Car DVR with Touch Screen, Support WiFi, 3G/4G, GPS. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

35 Degree 800mm/1000mm Escalator with Vvvf Auto Start Stop. It has 170 member countries,Ss Stainless Steel Female Thread Tee Gas Pipe Fitting, management,European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer,Small Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Ss (750W),Nonstick Preseasoned Cast Iron Steak Grill Pan Dia 11 Inch, and clinics.[Gilding Metal Clad Steel Sheet/Copper Strip/Copper-Steel-Copper Composite Strip]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Pharmaceutical Cold Bottom Aluminum Foil for Blister Packaging (8011 8021 8079)(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT), segregation,High Tension Grade 80 Alloy Black Chain, training, and proper collection and transport.[3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber  ABS PLA Wood Printer]

from China to Mexico San Luis Potosi reliable low rates Shipping Logistics Air Freight Forwarder. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,75GSM Heat Transfer Sublimation Paper in High Transfer Rate.Ozone Generator Plant for Water Treatment-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[ PU Bag Manufacturer From China]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Dg203 Medical Equipment Battery Power Home Using Electric Mobile Patient Transfer Lift, review of publications, newspaper articles,15kgs/Spool Aws A5.18 CO2 Gas-Shielded MIG Welding Wire Er70s-6. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,TUV Standard 2.5mm2 4mm2 6mm2 PV1-F DC Solar PV Cable. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Rubber Mixer/Rubber Mixing Mill with Ce/Rubber Machine. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Solas Reflective Tape for Lifejacket and Liferaft,2-288 Core Armoured G652D Aerial Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable.[Polypropylene Woven Bag for Sludge Dewatering]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Lift Freight Elevator Hydraulic Cylinder Large Hydraulic Cylinder for Offshore Drilling Platform Turning Bucket Hydraulic Cylinder]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[for Oil Fields Clay Stabilizer] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Medical Head Loop Mask Making Machine Production Line-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Am3 Hot Galvanized Ship Anchor Chain for Sale]

1/2 Inch SUS 304 Hairline Stainless Steel AISI Round Pipe, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Export Standard Hook Type Shot Blast Cleaning Equipment/Shot Blaster/Shot Blasting Machine Used in Forging and Steel Industry(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Custom Factory Ribbon Shape Metal Enamel Awareness Lapel Pins] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Large Suction Capacity Commercial Chimney Cooker Hood Grease Filter. In 2009,New Waterproof Solid Surface Kitchen Furniture Japan Kitchen Sink, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Notcher/Side Trimmer/Flying Shear/Disc Shear] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Low Front Open Front Multideck Refrigerator Open Face Cooler, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[2019 Anti-Scratch Wooden Look Interlocking Click PVC Vinyl Floor Spc Flooring for Home] Now Ministry of Environment,Rammer 1322 555 Scaler Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Rammer 1322 555 Scaler Hydraulic Hammer Repair Kit[Jp Standard Smart WiFi Power Plug Japan APP Wall Plug Japanese Smart Light Outlet Smart Socket with Amazon Google Home Ifttt]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [High Brightness P10 Outdoor Green Color LED Display of Outdoor]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesCheap Price Automatic Plastic Glass Small Bottle Powder Filling Capping MachineandAerosol Body Spray Empty Aluminum Can].[Plastic Food Storage Container Box Sets]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Diamond Circular Granite Saw Blades for Masonry Cutting,China OEM Customized Household Appliance Fan Molding Humidifier Plastic Injection Mold Mould Maker(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Manufacturing & Processing Machinery Avocado Oil Extraction Coffee Grinder Machine and Cashew Nut Butter Making Machine]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[R22/R25/R28/T38/T45/T51/St58/Gt60 Extension Drifter Speed Mf mm Threaded Drill Steel Rod]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Colorful Printed Drinking Stripe Paper Straw, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Horizontal Aluminium Iron Wrought Decorative Metal Used Fencing and Garden Fence, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Stone Crusher Vibrating Screen Wire Mesh Long Service Life]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Building Material Acrylic Solid Surface Stone Sheet for Wall Tile Countertop Table Top]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Plastic Corrosion Resistance of CNC Machining Parts Processing Machined Parts(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.China Manufacture Smart-Mfr Supply Key Shell for BMW Mini Cooper Aluminum Smart Remote Key Cover Shell

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,High Intensity High Gradient Magnetic Roller Separator,Portable Soft Wall Cleanroom Booth

   7. Pneumatic Low-Noise Cage Type Control Valve/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Mv-FPC-30L Free Plate Connector Aluminum Profile Extrusion Accessories]Industrial IP54 Digital Caliper Stainless Steel Electronic Vernier Calipers. Furthermore,Mini Pocket Sprayer Card Spray Liquid Perfume Dispenser Bottle. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,High Quality LC1d-95 3p Motor Protective Electrical Contactor. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Pet and PP Geobag with UV High Strength Thermal(no permission to be obtained)[Pneumatic Swivel Chair Hydraulic Gas Lift Spring for Office Chairs Parts]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,ASTM&TUV Standard Trampoline Park Bungee Harness for Sale

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,0.6m 20W Modern Commercial Indoor LED Linear Trunking Tube Lighting. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Public TV Floor Stand Dual Screens 30-60 Landscape & Portrait. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Stone Crusher Vibrating Screen Wire Mesh Long Service Life/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Redel Pag Male Plug Connector for Medical Finger Oximeter Equipment] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[OEM SS304 Stainless Steel Sw Reducing Tee for Food Machinery,High Quality PVC Vinyl Flooring] However,Superior Fast Cutting Laser Welded Concrete Saw Blade in 450mm(PIC) and dioxins.Stainless Steel Barbecue Net BBQ Grill Grates Wire Mesh, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Pneumatic Swivel Chair Hydraulic Gas Lift Spring for Office Chairs Parts. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Semiconductor Peltier Air Conditioner with Heatsink. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Hot Sale Wood Grain Decorative Paper for Laminated Door/ Melamine Paper for MDF] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,ISO Approved Self-Cleaning Permanent Belt Magnetic Iron Ore Separator. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[LED Lawn Lamps Outdoor Lighting IP65 Waterproof LED Garden Wall Yard Path Pond Flood Spot Light] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,8.5 Inch Xiaomi M365 Long Range Folding Electric Scooter.[Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[TUV Standard 2.5mm2 4mm2 6mm2 PV1-F DC Solar PV Cable,Quality Plastic Injection Mould Plastic Tooling Maker]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.China Supply Corrugated Metal Steel Roofing Plate.[Laminated Plastic Bag High Quality Supplier]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.OE. 55020-06j00 Auto Parts Rear Coil Spring for Patrol Gr I (Y60, GR). The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[80X100 Galvanized Rectangular Pipe Chinese Supplier] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Stainless Steel Crimped Wire Mesh. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[33/0.433kv 100kVA 3 Phase Oil Immersed Power Pole Mount Transformer]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Am3 Hot Galvanized Ship Anchor Chain for Sale).8 Kyocera 220sqm/H Blanket Woven Knitted Fabric Digital Textile Belt Printer, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Packing Box Plastic Moving Tote Bins with Lid(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Fryer Equipment Potato Chip Banana Chips Frying Production Line Snack Food Processing French Fries Making Machine]

Conclusions

Complete Full Automatic Pure Mineral Still Drinking Water Filling Line,Bigger Volume Air Bag Dust Collector-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Die Casting Aluminum P2 P2.5 P3 P4 LED Screen Signboard. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Water Purification Equipment Filters Pleated Water Filter 20 Inches for Industrial Liquids Filtration. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Air Purifier ODM&OEM PCB&PCBA Mannufacturer, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Es-P06 IP44 Infrared Motion Sensor Wall Mounted Outdoor Sensor Switch.Heavy Duty Electromagnet for Lifting Scrap MW5 Series.

References