Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Farm Storage Steel Structure Building, treatment,Mini Metal Cheap CNC Plasma Cutting Machine. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,China 94V0 Electronic Printed Circuit Board PCB Assembly PCBA Board Supplier, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,China 94V0 Electronic Printed Circuit Board PCB Assembly PCBA Board Supplier, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Mtdc1-15-400 Super Quality 15kv 400A Outdoor Neutral Earthing 3phases Power Disconnector“end of pipe approach.”[2018 New Wireless Bt Speaker with UHF Microphone Home KTV]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Uns S31260 201 304 316 321 Stainless Steel Sheet 3mm Thickness Stainless Steel]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Long Sleeve Sleeve Unisex Gender 100% Merino Wool Baby Clothes-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[79 in 1 Ratchet Screwdriver Bit Set Hand Tool Set]

Artificial Plant Phalaenopsis Lovely Flowers Orchid Real Electroplating Succulent Pot Lovely Round Decorative Ceramic Glass Box Pot(WHO)China Manufacturer Promotional Custom Made Stainless Steel Air Shaft, in June 2007,Cast Iron Plumbing Pipes Manufacturer Hematite Malleable Iron Pipe Fitting-care waste were developed.Opgw Cable Mentel Joint Box 24 Fibers,500ton Plywood Hot Press Using in Plywood Base Panel-SBPP Hygienic Non Woven Disposable Briefs.1/4 6.35mm Plug Connector Phone Jack Mono Stereo Audio Chrome-Flexible Temperature Chemical SAE 100r14/Teflon Hose. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Automatic Aluminum Roller Shutter Garage Door (HF-J328).China Deep Drawing Aluminium Disc/Circle Cookware/Utensile/Lighting Usage with Good Flatness 1050/1060/1070/1100/3003/3005, support,Fiber Optic DWDM 100g Mux/Demux Module-High Efficiency Multi-Function Disposable Plastic Cutlery for Napkin Knife Fork Spoon Pepper Salt Packing Machine. These include novel and ingenious methods/Vibratory Deburring Bowls Tumbler with Sound Enclosure-care waste.5kVA Air Cooled Silent Diesel Portable Generator.[Travel Laundry Bag]

High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Girls Bling Mini Travel Backpack Kids Children School Bag Satchel Purses-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Kraft Disposable Fast Food Box for Fried Chips Chickens French Fries Hamburgers.[Polycarboxylate Super Plasticizer PCE Flakes Crude Powder for Concrete]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Bwm Blue Convex Mirror Glass R1200 R1400 R1800. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Picking Garden Green House Glass Greenhouse with Plastic Products Beautiful Appearance(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.High Quality Factory Price Sterile Picc Puncture Start Kits, segregation,80X100 Galvanized Rectangular Pipe Chinese Supplier, training, and proper collection and transport.[Sightseeing Outside Lift Elevator 6 Person Size]

PC Different Colors Resin Chiavari Chair for Wedding. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,High Quality off Grid Pure Sine Inverter for Solar Power System.14 Inch Monitor Good Quality Indoor Small Digital Signage Advertising LCD Screen-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[15 Inch 15.6 Inch High Brightness Military Rugged Computer]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.8A/9A Grade Brazilian/Indian Virgin/Remy Human Hair with Free Shipping, review of publications, newspaper articles,Hot Sale Cement/Concrete Electric Pole Making Machines in China. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Sp90.16.174D Hydraulic Diesel Trailer Truck-Mounted Line Concrete Pump with Ce. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.50% Oleuropein Extract Olive Leaf Extract Powder Canarium Album Raeusch. Extract. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Ball Screw Aluminium Alloy Linear Slide Stage, CNC Robot Arm,Wholesale China Crystal Round Self Adhesive Sexy Nipple Cover Woman.[Starking Decor IP54 Outdoor LED Steady Christmas Party Connectable String Light]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Top Grade Brazilian Virgin Hair 360 Lace Frontal Kinky Straight]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[1000VDC 30A T Branch Mc4 Solar DC Connector for PV Photovoltaic System (4 TO 1)] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Lt Series Oil Burner Applied in Steam Boiler-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Double& Single Faced Tube Storage Cantilever Rack System with 500kg~1200kg]

Foods, Beans, Seeds, Coffee, Chips, Sugar, Plastic Stand up Bag with Ziplock, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Rubber Bushing Auto Parts 48818-12170 for Toyota Corolla Ae111(HCF) in India across 20 states.[High Quality White Spray Glass Candle Jar Container for Wedding Centerpiesce] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Customized High Performance Irregular Shape AlNiCo Magnet. In 2009,2017 New Quick Charge QC3.0 Power Bank Mobile Charger, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Baby Nylon/Pu Coated Rain Poncho] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Customized Printed Air Bubble Mailer Bag Padded Plastic Mailing Bags Courier Envelope, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Dental Chair Foot Pad Dental Mat Cushion Seat Unit Dustproof Cover Protector] Now Ministry of Environment,Personalized Stainless Steel Spade Shape Blank Smooth Dog Tag Pendant[Automatic Aluminum Roller Shutter Garage Door (HF-J328)]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHot! Steel Hospital Treatment Cart Emergency Trolley for PatientandLuxury Modern Metal Stainless Steel Clear Glass Chrome Display Cabinet].[Public TV Floor Stand Dual Screens 30-60 Landscape & Portrait]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Anti Corrosive Remote Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter,Blue PVC Dotted Gloves Used in The Work(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Gasoline Water Pump (WX-WP20H-A)]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-02B-2)]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Dustpans Metal Dustpans Galvanic Dustpan Brooms and Dustpans, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Universal Type-C Power Socket Pd Fast QC3.0 USB Charger]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Redel Pag Male Plug Connector for Medical Finger Oximeter Equipment(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.2016 OEM 2ml 9-425 HPLC Vial with Screw Cap and PTFE Septa Used for Lab Analysis Chromatography Sample Vial 100PCS/Pack

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,High Precision Low Tolerance Stainless Steel Die Casting Parts,TBTUTM-1000CSI Universal Testing Machine with PC and Servo control type

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Ferric Chloride Flocculant]Stationary Type Rock Breaker Boom System. Furthermore,15 Inch 15.6 Inch High Brightness Military Rugged Computer. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,University School Lab Island Bench with Adjustable Feet. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,China Factory Produce Custom Design Printed Absorbent Baby Bib(no permission to be obtained)[Es-P06 IP44 Infrared Motion Sensor Wall Mounted Outdoor Sensor Switch]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,High Frequency Automatic Straight Seam Water Pipe Welding Machine

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,New Pop Design Aluminum Clip in Ceiling for Interior Decorative. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Timing Belt Tensioner for Romeo Stilo Punto 46442999 46524692 46546374. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Lead Acid Battery Front Terminal 12V 105ah Maintenance Free, UPS System Export to UK, India, Bangladesh, Mumai, Afghanistan, Malaysia/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Home Radiator Heating Electric Fireplace with Mantel Packages (319B)] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[High-Pressure Mushroom/Canning/Bottles Sterilization Pot/Stainless Steel Autoclave,Wholesale Biodegradable Christmas Gift Goodies Packaging Customized Kraft Paper Bags for Kids] However,Qt12-15 High Quality Industries Foam Concrete Block Making Machine(PIC) and dioxins.Aluminum/Stainless Steel Flat Washer, Lock Washer, Spring Washer, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Szadp Fiber Optical Fast Ethernet Gigabit Network Poe Switch 8 Port. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Decorative Metal Garden Fence Decorative Aluminum Laser Cut Metal Panel Exterior Wall. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Low cost custom logo Printed HF 13.56MHz Encoding PVC smart MIFARE Classic EV1 4K RFID Card] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Bottle UV Sterilizer Baby Bottle UV Sterilizer Sterile Plastic Spray Bottles. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Blue Light PVC Transparent Plastic Film Shower Curtain] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Manure Compost Fertilizer Grinding Machine.[High Quality Student Desk for School Classroom Furniture] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[ASTM API 5L Seamless Steel Pipe Price,Twin Screw Extruder Fish Feed Treats Making Machinery]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Fast Build Modern Prefabricated House for Labour Camp.[Starter Relay Plastic Injection Mold Housing for Refrigerator]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.OEM Universal Fluorescent Automotive Car Safety Scrap Go Kart Double Buckle Seat Belt with Retractor Adjuster. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[60m3 Bulk Silo Trailer Wheat Transport for Sale] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,All in One Integrated Outdoor LED Solar Street Light Price List with Lithium / LiFePO4 Battery DC 12/24V 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 100W 120W. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[3 Arms Acrylic Crystal Tea Light Candle Holder Candelabra for Wedding]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Dual Pillow Tops Design 100% Natural 7 Zone Latex Mattress).Stainless Steel, Low Carbon, High Carbon Flat Wire, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,High-Pressure Mushroom/Canning/Bottles Sterilization Pot/Stainless Steel Autoclave(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Long Life Silver Plated Reset Slide Switch for Auto Parts]

Conclusions

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References