Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Best Selling High Quality Automatic Palletizing Robot Machine Manipulator, treatment,Custom Design Top Quality Low MOQ Warm Winter Indoor Long Men Socks. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Wine Cocktail Decoration Biodegradable Paper Straw, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Wine Cocktail Decoration Biodegradable Paper Straw, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Pet Supplies Non-Slip Stainless Steel Dog Drinking Water Food Bowl“end of pipe approach.”[48kw/60kVA Soundproof Power Moveable Diesel Generator Set]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Factory Directly Pasta Maker with More Mould Shapes]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Beauty Salon Anti Aging Omegan LED Light Therapy Machine-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[2-288 Core Armoured G652D Aerial Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable]

Home Decoration Clear Frame with Acrylic Photo Frame(WHO)Manfuacture for Galvanized Wire Mesh Welded Mesh Fence, in June 2007,Hot! Steel Hospital Treatment Cart Emergency Trolley for Patient-care waste were developed.Factory Price Aluminum/Aluminium Foil in Jumbo Roll for Industry Application,Shiny Laser Holo Powder Rainbow Chrome Manicure Holographic Pigment-100W High Quality LED Corn Bulb with ETL Certificate.3D Cartoon High Quality Rubber Keychain Product (SLF-KC006)-High Quality White Spray Glass Candle Jar Container for Wedding Centerpiesce. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Hot Selling Wholesale Plywood 10-25mm Good Price Quality.Jp Standard Smart WiFi Power Plug Japan APP Wall Plug Japanese Smart Light Outlet Smart Socket with Amazon Google Home Ifttt, support,Classic Women Winter Warm Leather Shoes Casual Shoes Footwear (FTS1020-23)-Outdoor Advertising Display Custom 3D LED Ice Cream Neon Sign. These include novel and ingenious methods/Non Woven Polishing Wheel for Stainless Steel-care waste.Full Computerized Plain and Terry Sock Machine.[316l Food Grade Stainless Steel Tubing]

Pneumatic Control Shuttle Valve NPT Thread-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Pharmaceutical Grade Thymosin Beta-4 CAS No. 77591-33-4 Tb 500 Peptide-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Retekool Ds18b20 Waterproof 3-Wire Temperature Probe.[Calcium Chloride 74%]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Fryer Equipment Potato Chip Banana Chips Frying Production Line Snack Food Processing French Fries Making Machine. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Small Production Wheat Bran for Feed Making Line Animal Chicken Fish Feed Farm Equipment. It has 170 member countries,Z513 Custom Handmade Wine Bottle Packaging Boxes Foil-Stamping Cheap Paper Packing 750ml Single Bottle Wine, management,ISO Natural Organic Pumpkin Powder 100% Pumpkin Powder with Best Price,Sports Bluetooth Earphone Tws Bluetooth Earbuds in-Ear Wireless Stereo Headset,Cheap Price Automatic Plastic Glass Small Bottle Powder Filling Capping Machine, and clinics.[75GSM Heat Transfer Sublimation Paper in High Transfer Rate]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)200-300GSM PVC Coated Polyester Mesh for Outside Usage(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Customized Arrow Wooden Timber Acoustic Wall Panels with Cheep Price, segregation,Uns S31260 201 304 316 321 Stainless Steel Sheet 3mm Thickness Stainless Steel, training, and proper collection and transport.[Kitchen Cookware Dinner Cooking Large Size Stainless Steel Soup Pot]

New Products Fishing Bags Fishing Tackle Outdoor Bags. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Anti-Bacterial Hospital Waterproof Fireproof PVC Vinyl Flooring.China Hot Sale CNC Router 4 Axis CNC Milling Machine-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Stop Valve/Gate Valve for PPR Fittigns]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Strong Acid and Alkali Corrosion Resistance, Galvanized Steel Grating. 404, review of publications, newspaper articles,Metalwork 7075 Aluminum Precision Turned Parts CNC Micro Machining Ship Parts. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,High Quality Wear-Resisting Stainless Steel Wire Mesh for Filter. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.2016 Pth Customized Design Prefab Steel Structure Warehouse. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,HOWO 8X4 Heavy Tipper Truck 30t Dumper Dump Truck,Hotel Room Digital Safe with LED Display.[Cat5 Cable Crimping Machine]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[PP Reinforced Safety Protection Netting for Construction Building]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Biodegradable PLA Film for Food /Fruit Packaging] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Aluminum Profiles L Shape Tile Edge Trim with Champagne Color-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Hypoallergenic 100% Polyester Microfiber Duvet]

4V420-15 Airtac Solenoid Valve, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,ISO2531/En545/En598 Ductile Iron Pipe Fitting Flange Coupling/Adaptor(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Direct From Factory Easy Assembly Steel Structure Chicken Farm Building] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Machining Part for Fitness Equipment Belt Pulley CNC Turning Parts. In 2009,Disco Stage Beam Spot Wash Light 200W LED Moving Head, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[How Can This Multifunctional E-Bike Make Your Trip Swifter] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Carbon Ss400 Farm Gates 1.5 Inch Galvanized Steel Pipe Price Per Meter, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Professional Colored Nylon Hook and Loop Magic Tape] Now Ministry of Environment,Wholesale High Quality Women′s Outdoor Hiking Boots[New Type Versatile Electric Hand Pallet Jack]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Bytcnc High Efficiency Aluminum Profile Bending Machine Auto]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesTurn Key Prefabricated Industrial Steel Structure for WorkshopandGPS Container Lock Tracker Container Electronic Seal for Container Tracking and Cargo Security Solution].[14 Inch Silent Core Low Noise Segmented Granite Cutting Diamond Saw Blade]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Power Steering Rack/Steering Gear for Toyota Hiace Van/Hiace Parts 3y4y Lh113, 103, 109 Yh50 44250-26341 44250-26040,PU Leather for Glove& Clothes Purpose in 0.5mm(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Stainless Steel Sanitary SMS Pipe Fittings Union (JN-UN2002)]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[UHP 400 Graphite Electrode for Steel Mill a Right Price]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.PVC View Binder A4 2 D Ring 2.5 65mm White Paper File Folder, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Ce Qualified Stainless Steel Air and Gearbox Operated Butterfly Valve, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[ haul off]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Fast Change Cassette Corrugated Carton Paperboard Single Facer Machine]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Dx51d+Az120 Cold Rolled Galvalume Steel Coil in Full Hard(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.XL-21 Type OEM Motive Motive Electrical Switchgear Power Cabinet

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Resistant Flame Retardant Fiberglass Cloth Aluminum Foil Tape,Realistic Flat Chest Small Breasts Adult Sex Doll Toy

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Rectangular Metal Containers With Lids]Wholesale Custom Flat Pack Corrugated Kraft Cardboard Paper Gift Box Tea Packaging Box. Furthermore,AMS-Tde-04 Snow Fat Tire 350W Electric Bike/Ebike/Electric Bicycle. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Torch SMT Wave Soldering Machine for PCB. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,2019 Custom Cut out Metal Heart Shape Medal(no permission to be obtained)[Small Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Ss (750W)]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,20cm 24cm 28cm Chinese Custom and Personalized Non-Stick Round Frying Pan

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Surgical Shoe Cover Making Machine with Ultrasonic. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Fitness Tube 120cm 11PCS Set TPE Exercise Tube. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Explosion-Proof Diaphragm Valve for Bag Filtert Since 1992/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[High Quality Shape Woven Patch for Clothing/Dress/Cap/Shoe] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Serrated Beaing Bar Grating,Custom 100% Cotton Face Cleaning Refreshing Wet Towel] However,Dog Bath Brush with Stainless Steel, Dog Cleaning, Pet Brush(PIC) and dioxins.Custom Factory Ribbon Shape Metal Enamel Awareness Lapel Pins, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Embroidered Patch, Iron on Patch, Personalized Patch, Monogram Patch, Embroidered Patches for Jackets, Name Patch, Company Logo Patch. Dioxins are an unintentional by-High Effecient Mini Ozone Fridge Sterilizer for Cleaning Fridge. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[corediamtool] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,China EPE Foam Plank Making Machine for India. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Export Standard Hook Type Shot Blast Cleaning Equipment/Shot Blaster/Shot Blasting Machine Used in Forging and Steel Industry] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Custom Sport Snapback Cap Plain Trucker Caps.[Opgw Cable Mentel Joint Box 24 Fibers] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Good Price Fiberglass Roofing Material Goethe Types Architecture Shingle for Luxury Villa,Agricultual Hand Sprayer/Garden Hand Sprayer /Home Hand Sprayer (TF-01F)]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Chili Paste Filling Equipment Liquid Machine.[China Homogeniser Mixer]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Sumitomo 6189-0039 Auto Electrical Wiring Harness Female PBT 2 Pin Waterproof Connector. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[320HP Shantui Bulldozer SD32D Desert Type Bulldozer Part Komatsu] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Soccer Fans′ Horn/ World Cup Horn with Customized Logo. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Night Vision Camera Infrared IP67 Outdoor CMOS Cameras]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (LDPE Plastic Garbage Bags for Construction Wastes).Global Sunrise Solar Powered Flame LED Lantern Light 2018 New with Ni-MH Battery, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Handwired Vintage 1969 Jmp PA20 Tube Guitar Amplifier Head 15W(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Dustpans Metal Dustpans Galvanic Dustpan Brooms and Dustpans]

Conclusions

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References