Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)15 Inch 15.6 Inch High Brightness Military Rugged Computer, treatment,University School Lab Island Bench with Adjustable Feet. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,China Factory Produce Custom Design Printed Absorbent Baby Bib, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,China Factory Produce Custom Design Printed Absorbent Baby Bib, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,High Frequency Automatic Straight Seam Water Pipe Welding Machine“end of pipe approach.”[Pharmaceutical Grade Thymosin Beta-4 CAS No. 77591-33-4 Tb 500 Peptide]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Fashion Ladies Heeled Ankle Winter Boots]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/New Pop Design Aluminum Clip in Ceiling for Interior Decorative-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[ABS Professional Parts Making Quality Plastic Injection Mould]

Hot Sell 1: 1 Wireless Stereo Bluetooth Earphone Airpods for Apple iPhone(WHO)Block Bottom Open Mouth Wooden Charcoal Packaging Kraft Paper Bag, in June 2007,Small Velvet Jewelry Packing Pouch Custom Logo-care waste were developed.Invt Bd 3kwatt-5kwatt Hybrid Solar Power Inverter for Solar Power System Home,8mm+2mm+8mm Switchable Tempered Window Pdlc Smart Glass-Vape Pen Cigarette Vape Vaporizer Cartridge Cbd Oil.Supply Round Shape Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar Jam Jar 200ml-1-2mm Used to Water Filter Material Anthracite Coal for Sale Per Ton Price. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-D Horizontal Multistage Diesel Booster Pump/Diesel Water Pump Sale.16mva Transformer 16000kVA 33kv 35kv Power Transformer, support,1-1/2 Inch Grosgrain Ribbon Silver/Gray/Light Pink/Black Ruban for Wrapping Gift/Bows-Dy06009-Gasoline Water Pump (WX-WP20H-A). These include novel and ingenious methods/High Grade 18/8 Stainless Steel Insulation Flask Water Bottle-care waste.Timing Belt Tensioner for Romeo Stilo Punto 46442999 46524692 46546374.[eittextile]

Lead Acid Battery Front Terminal 12V 105ah Maintenance Free, UPS System Export to UK, India, Bangladesh, Mumai, Afghanistan, Malaysia-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Qt12-15 High Quality Industries Foam Concrete Block Making Machine-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Aluminum/Stainless Steel Flat Washer, Lock Washer, Spring Washer.[Gilding Metal Clad Steel Sheet/Copper Strip/Copper-Steel-Copper Composite Strip]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Szadp Fiber Optical Fast Ethernet Gigabit Network Poe Switch 8 Port. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Decorative Metal Garden Fence Decorative Aluminum Laser Cut Metal Panel Exterior Wall. It has 170 member countries,Bottle UV Sterilizer Baby Bottle UV Sterilizer Sterile Plastic Spray Bottles, management,Manure Compost Fertilizer Grinding Machine,Fast Build Modern Prefabricated House for Labour Camp,OEM Universal Fluorescent Automotive Car Safety Scrap Go Kart Double Buckle Seat Belt with Retractor Adjuster, and clinics.[3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber  ABS PLA Wood Printer]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)All in One Integrated Outdoor LED Solar Street Light Price List with Lithium / LiFePO4 Battery DC 12/24V 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 100W 120W(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Dual Pillow Tops Design 100% Natural 7 Zone Latex Mattress, segregation,Stainless Steel, Low Carbon, High Carbon Flat Wire, training, and proper collection and transport.[ PU Bag Manufacturer From China]

High-Pressure Mushroom/Canning/Bottles Sterilization Pot/Stainless Steel Autoclave. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Cummins auto diesel engine motor 6ISBE parts 4892338 starter motor.2 Country Rustic Finish Wood Storage Crate Decorative Tray Carrier Boxes-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Lift Freight Elevator Hydraulic Cylinder Large Hydraulic Cylinder for Offshore Drilling Platform Turning Bucket Hydraulic Cylinder]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Stainless Steel Square 4.3 Deodorization Invisible Floor Drain (FD-K065F), review of publications, newspaper articles,Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Free Sample Chinese Black Wolfberry Powder. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Matte Black Graduation Gown with Honor Cords. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Ductile Iron Flexible Coupling and Flange Adaptor,Top Quality Customized Hospital Wristband Free Artwork Silicon Rubber Watch.[Garment Tag Rfid Sticker]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[for Oil Fields Clay Stabilizer]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Am3 Hot Galvanized Ship Anchor Chain for Sale] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Egg Table Lamp Rechargeable Table Lamp Color Change Decoration Lamp-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Custom Factory Ribbon Shape Metal Enamel Awareness Lapel Pins]

Three Phase a. C. Synchronous Alternator/Generator (STC 3KW-50KW), International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder(HCF) in India across 20 states.[2019 Anti-Scratch Wooden Look Interlocking Click PVC Vinyl Floor Spc Flooring for Home] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%2PC/3PC Pn10/Pn16 Handlever Cast Steel Floating Ball Valve. In 2009,Stainless Steel Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Round Square Tube, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Skring] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,14 Colors Tactical Military Backpack Molle Camo Camping Hiking Bag, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Jp Standard Smart WiFi Power Plug Japan APP Wall Plug Japanese Smart Light Outlet Smart Socket with Amazon Google Home Ifttt] Now Ministry of Environment,High Brightness P10 Outdoor Green Color LED Display of Outdoor[High Brightness P10 Outdoor Green Color LED Display of Outdoor]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Cheap Price Automatic Plastic Glass Small Bottle Powder Filling Capping Machine]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesPlastic Food Storage Container Box SetsandGraphite Jewelry Mold].[4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Digital Smart Sensor Body No Contact Infrared Radiation Thermometer,High Quality Enamel Camping Set Tableware Set Food Container Dinner Set Bowl Plate Dish Mug Cup Dinnerware Party Supplies(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[R22/R25/R28/T38/T45/T51/St58/Gt60 Extension Drifter Speed Mf mm Threaded Drill Steel Rod]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Stone Crusher Vibrating Screen Wire Mesh Long Service Life]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Humizone Ultra Potassium Humate Leonardite Source Foliar Fertilizer, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Modern Green 4 Person Cross Workstation with File Cabinet (CAS-W31456), blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Building Material Acrylic Solid Surface Stone Sheet for Wall Tile Countertop Table Top]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Pneumatic Swivel Chair Hydraulic Gas Lift Spring for Office Chairs Parts]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/OEM CNC Machine Aluminum and ABS Mock up Prototypes(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Plastic Moldstamping Mould,Molding,Tooling for Air Machine ,Water Heater,Cooler,Cooling,Air Conditiner,Refrigerator,Washing Machine,TV,LED,Lighting,Auto Parts,

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Machine to Make Disposable Plates,Abelly 6.3m All Welded Aluminum Fishing Boat

   7. Medical Hospital Equipment Hydraulic Electric Hoist Lifts/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Good Quality PMMA Materials Solar Fresnel Lens with Diameter 1000mm Solar Lens Cooker Lens Fresnel Solar Cooker Lens]High Quality 304 316 Bsp Threaded Stainless Steel Reducing Tee. Furthermore,Manufacturer Digitaizer Mobile Phone LCD for iPhone 6s LCD. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,BDS Digital Compass Military Marking Thermal Imaging Fusion Night Vision. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,High Purity Magnesium Ingot 99.99%, Factory Sale Metal Magnesium Ingots Price(no permission to be obtained)[Redel Pag Male Plug Connector for Medical Finger Oximeter Equipment]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Aluminum Alloy Die Casting for Window/Door Hardware/Hinge (STK-ADC-167)

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,500mm Coil Diameter Hot-Dipped Galvanized Concertina Flat Wrap Razor Wire. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Wood Log Debarker and Rounding Machine. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Ultrasonic Fabric Underwear Spot Welding Bonding Cutting Machine/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[OEM SS304 Stainless Steel Sw Reducing Tee for Food Machinery] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[High Quality PVC Vinyl Flooring,LED Lawn Lamps Outdoor Lighting IP65 Waterproof LED Garden Wall Yard Path Pond Flood Spot Light] However,Micro DC Motor - Auto (Car) Windows Motor(PIC) and dioxins.5/16 Rubber Twin Welding Hose W. P 300psi, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Blackened Helical Large Damping Compression Spring for Medical Machinery Spring with ISO 19001 Certification (10*89*177*7.5). Dioxins are an unintentional by-Optical Workstation Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-11). These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Natural Onyx Stone] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Cheap White Pastry Packaging Box with Window. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,ASTM A269 317 Seamless Coil Tubes Stainless Steel Pipe Manufacturer.[TUV Standard 2.5mm2 4mm2 6mm2 PV1-F DC Solar PV Cable] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Quality Plastic Injection Mould Plastic Tooling Maker,80X100 Galvanized Rectangular Pipe Chinese Supplier]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Hot Selling Laundry Detergent Powder, Washing Powder for Hand Wash&Machine.[Strong Tensile Strength Baling Wire Galvanized Steel Wire Ht Vineyard Wire]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Unique Die Cut Coloring Hard Cover Kids Board Comic Alarm Clock Book Printing China. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[33/0.433kv 100kVA 3 Phase Oil Immersed Power Pole Mount Transformer] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Polyester Cup Holder with Customer Design Shape and Logo. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Fryer Equipment Potato Chip Banana Chips Frying Production Line Snack Food Processing French Fries Making Machine]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Sounda Printable Adhesive Black Back Car Wrap Vinyl Sticker Roll).Professional Manufacturer of Fruit Dryer Machine, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Low Pressure Industry Heatless Regenerative Adsorption Air Compressed Dryers (KRD-12WXF)(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[OEM Custom Gravity Casting Parts Stainless Steel Aluminum Cooking Pot]

Conclusions

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References