Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)1-1/2 Inch Grosgrain Ribbon Silver/Gray/Light Pink/Black Ruban for Wrapping Gift/Bows-Dy06009, treatment,Gasoline Water Pump (WX-WP20H-A). It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,High Grade 18/8 Stainless Steel Insulation Flask Water Bottle, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,High Grade 18/8 Stainless Steel Insulation Flask Water Bottle, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Timing Belt Tensioner for Romeo Stilo Punto 46442999 46524692 46546374“end of pipe approach.”[Heat Transfer Silicone Roller for Thermal Transfer]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[99.95% China Pure Molybdenum Rod]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Lead Acid Battery Front Terminal 12V 105ah Maintenance Free, UPS System Export to UK, India, Bangladesh, Mumai, Afghanistan, Malaysia-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Ceiling Mounted IV Stand Stainlesss Steel I V Pole]

Qt12-15 High Quality Industries Foam Concrete Block Making Machine(WHO)Aluminum/Stainless Steel Flat Washer, Lock Washer, Spring Washer, in June 2007,Szadp Fiber Optical Fast Ethernet Gigabit Network Poe Switch 8 Port-care waste were developed.Decorative Metal Garden Fence Decorative Aluminum Laser Cut Metal Panel Exterior Wall,Bottle UV Sterilizer Baby Bottle UV Sterilizer Sterile Plastic Spray Bottles-Manure Compost Fertilizer Grinding Machine.Fast Build Modern Prefabricated House for Labour Camp-OEM Universal Fluorescent Automotive Car Safety Scrap Go Kart Double Buckle Seat Belt with Retractor Adjuster. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-All in One Integrated Outdoor LED Solar Street Light Price List with Lithium / LiFePO4 Battery DC 12/24V 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 100W 120W.Dual Pillow Tops Design 100% Natural 7 Zone Latex Mattress, support,Stainless Steel, Low Carbon, High Carbon Flat Wire-High-Pressure Mushroom/Canning/Bottles Sterilization Pot/Stainless Steel Autoclave. These include novel and ingenious methods/Cummins auto diesel engine motor 6ISBE parts 4892338 starter motor-care waste.2 Country Rustic Finish Wood Storage Crate Decorative Tray Carrier Boxes.[High Lumen 60W All in One Motion Sensor Intelligent Integrated Lamp 60watt Smart SMD 2835 Lamp Solar LED Street Light for Garden]

Stainless Steel Square 4.3 Deodorization Invisible Floor Drain (FD-K065F)-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Free Sample Chinese Black Wolfberry Powder.[China Manufacture Smart-Mfr Supply Key Shell for BMW Mini Cooper Aluminum Smart Remote Key Cover Shell]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Matte Black Graduation Gown with Honor Cords. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Ductile Iron Flexible Coupling and Flange Adaptor. It has 170 member countries,Top Quality Customized Hospital Wristband Free Artwork Silicon Rubber Watch, management,Egg Table Lamp Rechargeable Table Lamp Color Change Decoration Lamp,Three Phase a. C. Synchronous Alternator/Generator (STC 3KW-50KW),Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder, and clinics.[35 Degree 800mm/1000mm Escalator with Vvvf Auto Start Stop]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)2PC/3PC Pn10/Pn16 Handlever Cast Steel Floating Ball Valve(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Stainless Steel Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Round Square Tube, segregation,14 Colors Tactical Military Backpack Molle Camo Camping Hiking Bag, training, and proper collection and transport.[Dx51d+Az120 Cold Rolled Galvalume Steel Coil in Full Hard]

High Brightness P10 Outdoor Green Color LED Display of Outdoor. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Digital Smart Sensor Body No Contact Infrared Radiation Thermometer.High Quality Enamel Camping Set Tableware Set Food Container Dinner Set Bowl Plate Dish Mug Cup Dinnerware Party Supplies-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Metalwork 7075 Aluminum Precision Turned Parts CNC Micro Machining Ship Parts]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Humizone Ultra Potassium Humate Leonardite Source Foliar Fertilizer, review of publications, newspaper articles,Modern Green 4 Person Cross Workstation with File Cabinet (CAS-W31456). The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,OEM CNC Machine Aluminum and ABS Mock up Prototypes. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Plastic Moldstamping Mould,Molding,Tooling for Air Machine ,Water Heater,Cooler,Cooling,Air Conditiner,Refrigerator,Washing Machine,TV,LED,Lighting,Auto Parts,. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Advertising Exhibition Floor Metal Frame Display Rack Banner Poster Stand,Hot Sale Supermarket Chiller Supermarket Cooler with Ce Certificate.[Women Fashion Casual Printing Luggage Weekend Holdall Duffle Travel Bag]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Ce RoHS FCC LED Display Factory for Jewelry Shops Store Display Window Transparent LED Display]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Winter Colorful Cute Fur Unicorn Slipper Shoes for Home] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Machine to Make Disposable Plates-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Professional Speaker Management Digital Processor Dbx260 KTV Processor Digital Audio]

Abelly 6.3m All Welded Aluminum Fishing Boat, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Medical Hospital Equipment Hydraulic Electric Hoist Lifts(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%High Quality 304 316 Bsp Threaded Stainless Steel Reducing Tee. In 2009,Manufacturer Digitaizer Mobile Phone LCD for iPhone 6s LCD, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Egg Poultry Farm Machine For Packing Manufacturers Cheap Price] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,BDS Digital Compass Military Marking Thermal Imaging Fusion Night Vision, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[All in One Integrated Outdoor LED Solar Street Light Price List with Lithium / LiFePO4 Battery DC 12/24V 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 100W 120W] Now Ministry of Environment,High Purity Magnesium Ingot 99.99%, Factory Sale Metal Magnesium Ingots Price[2019 Advance Technologies Double Twist Hexagonal Wire Machine]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [3D Lenticular Postcard 3D Printed Plastic Promotion 3D Gift Card]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesPortable Picosure Laser Picosecond Tattoo Removal Machine for Skin BeautyandZs Auto Car Seat All Round Leather Customized Trunk Mat for Back].[Realistic Flat Chest Small Breasts Adult Sex Doll Toy]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Aluminum Alloy Die Casting for Window/Door Hardware/Hinge (STK-ADC-167),500mm Coil Diameter Hot-Dipped Galvanized Concertina Flat Wrap Razor Wire(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[1/4 6.35mm Plug Connector Phone Jack Mono Stereo Audio Chrome]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Single Chamber Tea Bag Machine with PLC Control/Empty Bag Reject Model//31 Years Factory for Tea Bag Packing Machine//]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Dual Head Medical Aluminum Stethoscope for Child, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[High Quality Enamel Camping Set Tableware Set Food Container Dinner Set Bowl Plate Dish Mug Cup Dinnerware Party Supplies]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Finks 41 Inch Spruce Sapele Folk & Acoustic Guitar Many Colors(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Ultrasonic Laminating / Embossing / Welding Clvnv-012

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[vtimejewelry.com]Rubber Compound Two Roll Mill, Two Roll Mixing Mill. Furthermore,Good Quality Wall-Mounted Ozone Generator with 10g/H Ozone. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Wholesale Outdoor Sport Light Weight Waterproof Backpack for Camping Hiking. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Stainless Steel Automatic Commercial Coffee Machine for Sale with CE Approved(no permission to be obtained)[Permanent Magnet for Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS motor)]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Wood Log Debarker and Rounding Machine

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Ultrasonic Fabric Underwear Spot Welding Bonding Cutting Machine. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Pan Base Graphite Felt. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Automatic Hard Candy Depositing Line (PLC Control)/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Ozone Generator Plant for Water Treatment] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[ PVC Wall Panel for Decoration,2017 New Design Business Multifunction Zipper Bag Notebook] However,Sea Water API 3lpe LSAW Line Pipe, API 5L Sawl Pipe, Grade B and X42 X52 Steel Pipe(PIC) and dioxins.Blue Light PVC Transparent Plastic Film Shower Curtain, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Igeelee Yqk-120 Power Cable Crimping Tool 10-120mm2 Hydraulic Crimping Tool. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Self Adhesive Reinforced Fiberglass Joint Drywall Tape, Fiberglass Anti Cracking Drywall Tape. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[After Co2 Laser Resurfacing] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Crude Powder Mixer Machine in Pharmaceutical Industry. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Directly Modulated 1550nm Optical Transmitter with AGC] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,One-Piece Micro Needle RF System for Scar and Pregnancy Line Remover Beauty Machine.[Cheap White Pastry Packaging Box with Window] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Widely Used Desktop 5-Axis Single Head Double Y Automatic Soldering Machine/Automatic Soldering Robot/Auto Soldering Iron Robot/Soldering Iron Machine,Factory DVD GPS Automotive Harness Fit with Toyota Car]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.304, 316 Stainless Steel Slot Pipe for Glass Railing.[RCA Plug to 3.5mm Mono Jack]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.TCP/IP Network Poe 15W Active Wall Mount Speaker Waterproof. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Digital Printing Light Weight UV Resistant Air Drone Race Gate] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,2016 Most Competitive Price of Calcium Chloride 74% 77% 94% 95%. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Auto Pk Belt Fan Air Conditioning Booster Pump Belt]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Excellent Performance Ultrasound Bone Densitometer/ Trolley Ultrasound Machine Price).Cups Plastic Container Custom Bento Box DC-16, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Mount Outdoor LED Lighting Street Lighting Luminaires(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Copper Extended End Cover Pipe Fittings Deep Cover]

Conclusions

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References