Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Nayu-Perforated Stainless Steel Drill Pipe Filter Well Drilling Screen, treatment,High Quality 4 Beams Wired Photoelectric Active Infrared Perimeter Dual Beam Motion Detector. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Flex Rigid PCB Printed Circuit Board with High Technology, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Flex Rigid PCB Printed Circuit Board with High Technology, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Qt8-15 Hydraulic Cylinder Brick Making Machine Curbstone Block Machine“end of pipe approach.”[Modern Green 4 Person Cross Workstation with File Cabinet (CAS-W31456)]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Breathable PU Coated Ripstop Taffeta 190t Polyester Fabric with Printed]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/ASTM API 5L Seamless Steel Pipe Price-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Root of Chinese Clematis Extract]

Imported Raw Silk 8 Braided Multi Color Fishing PE Line(WHO)Custom Colorful Printing Coffee Packing / Packaging Bag with One Way Degassing Valve, in June 2007,Discharge Valve Price Custom Good Sealing Casting Electric Rotary Air Lock Valves-care waste were developed.Custom Wire Harness Cable Assembly,M16-M30 Metric Steel Hex Head Bolts Class10.9 High Strength Bolts-High Quality Polyester Retro Reflective Fabric for Clothing.H2309 H2310 H2311 H2312 H2313 H2314 H2315 H2316 (H2317 H2318 H2319 H3072)-Wash Aluminum Hologram Effect Sticker Printing. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Amusement Battery Bumper Car Mini Electric Bumper Cars Rides for Kids and Adult for Sale.Popular Needle Free Jet Injection Hyaluronic Acid Pen for Skin Whitening, support,3D Modern Brick Interior Wallpapers 3D Paper Wall Decoration-Custom Injection Molding Product ABS Plastic Injection. These include novel and ingenious methods/Directly Modulated 1550nm Optical Transmitter with AGC-care waste.Cheap Price High Pressure Solar Energy Water Heater with Ce.[Air Pressure Regulator]

Plastic PPR Water& Electric Conduit Pipe Tube (extruder, haul off, cutting winding, belling) Extrusion Extruding Making Production Line Machine-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,High Quality Strong Aluminum Window Screen Door Mosquito Net Insect Net-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Draught Beer Brewery Equipment Amstel Bier Beer Brewery Plant.[Colorful Printed Drinking Stripe Paper Straw]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Insulation Top Hung Aluminum Awning Window with Mosquito Net. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Hot Latest Sexy Womens Gym Wear Online. It has 170 member countries,Semi Precious Stone Fashiong Natural Crystal Amethyst Beaded Charming Bracelet Jewellery, management,DIN 928 Carbon Steel Square Weld Nut,Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies,Electric Heating Stainless Steel Jacket Kettle, and clinics.[16mm Colorful PP Playground Combination Rope for Net]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Fun Giant Inflatable Slide with Double Lanes(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.OEM Forklift Accessories of Alloy Steel in Investment Casting, segregation,Private Label Lip Pluming Gloss Organic Lip Gloss Waterproof Lip Gloss, training, and proper collection and transport.[New Product Kinetic Lights]

Electric Heavy Duty Rail Guided Vehicle for Transportation. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,LED Solar Street Light 15W 20W 30W.Lab Multi-Function High Speed Mixer-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Kga Series Rubber Decorative Slip-Proof and Nail-Hidden Alu Flooring Profiles, review of publications, newspaper articles,Wholesale High Quality Custom Frosted Glass Candle Jar. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Tube Edible Ice Machine Small Capacity 2 Tons Phillipines. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.M-02 Round Shape Green Plastic Sprayed Garden Spade. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Measuring Wheel Foldable Meter Measuring Wheel HD03,120m PE Braided Fishing Line Carp Fishing Equipment 14lb.[www.wh-machine.com]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Hot Sale Supermarket Chiller Supermarket Cooler with Ce Certificate]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Military Camp Usage Comfortable Practical Modular Container House] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,China Supplier Hard Ware Fittings Gas Spring for Tool Box-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Wax Jar PS Lid Cbd Oil Glass Concentrate Container Clear Cap 7ml 5ml]

Prefabricated Labor Accommodation House and Office, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Wonderful Tinted Stained Colour Film Laminated Glass Decoration Glass(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Trending Fashionable Wool Multi Color Felt Tote Shopping Ladies Handbag] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%99% High Purity Alumina Ceramic Ball. In 2009,Automatic Manual Free Switching PVD Coating Machine for Glass Metal, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Daycare Center Kids Polygonal Study Table (SF-48C)] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Melamine Particle Board for Outdoor Usage/White Melamine Faced Veneer Chipboard, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Stationary Type Rock Breaker Boom System] Now Ministry of Environment,Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting[Pet PE BOPP PVC CPP Film Slitting Machine]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [China Factory Produce Custom Design Printed Absorbent Baby Bib]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHandwired Vintage 1969 Jmp PA20 Tube Guitar Amplifier Head 15WandEnvironmental Protection Desulfurization Machine Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList].[SAA Approval Australian 2 Pin AC Power Cord]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Top Quality Dry Magnetic Separator Used for Iron Mining,Elastic Woven Casual Women Shoes Breathable Lady Shoes(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[New IP65 100W UFO LED Highbay Light with UL Dlc]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Long Sleeve Sleeve Unisex Gender 100% Merino Wool Baby Clothes]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.1325 3 Heads Wood Kitchen Cabinet Door CNC Router, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 3D Wallpaper PVC Modern Design 3D Wallpapers for Home Decoration, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Torsion Bar Press Brake/Bending Machine]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[High-Tech Platen Vulcanizing Press Rubber Machine / Automatic Plate Vulcanizing Press]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Aluminum Height Adjustable Cane (SC-CR58-67)(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Stone Carving Sculpture Marble Garden Fountain with Planter Pot Fore Home Decoration

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Teflon Paper for Heat Press,Mining Machinery Sandvik Symons Nordberg Mantle Cone Crusher Parts

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[China Shutter Door Slats Roll Forming Machine]12V Volt DC 6 Quart Hydraulic Pump Power Unit Pack, 3200 Psi Fit for Lift up/Down. Furthermore,Geometric Tall/Large Plants Glass Terrarium Planter Pot Box for Christmas Decorative. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Dry Cutting Segmented Concrete and Granite Diamond Cutting Saw Blade. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Dental Chair Foot Pad Dental Mat Cushion Seat Unit Dustproof Cover Protector(no permission to be obtained)[2.13 E- Ink Screen with Black&White and 250*122 Resolution for Electronic Shelf Label]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Exquisite Ceramic Hand Color Double Bones Big Polka DOT Dog Bowl Anti-Tips Pet Cat Bowl Dog Pot Dog Food Bowl. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,CNC Machinery Industrial Parts and Tools Fitness Equipment Accessories Medical Tube Plastic Extrusion Machinery Industrial Part. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Hot Fashion Colored Crystal Glass Ornaments Bulk Glass Tealight Candle Holder Centerpiece/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Top Quality! E-Light IPL RF Hair Removal Colon Hydrotherapy Beauty Equipment&Machine] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Msldt07 Single Arm Electric Anesthesia Pendant (hanging),Modern Design Steel Structure Broiler Chicken Ground System] However,Modern Wooden Plastic Modern Student Kids Baby Classroom School Office Furniture(PIC) and dioxins.1000VDC 30A T Branch Mc4 Solar DC Connector for PV Photovoltaic System (4 TO 1), waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Hypoallergenic 100% Polyester Microfiber Duvet. Dioxins are an unintentional by-China Flat Knitting Machine Manufacturer. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Cabinet Door Lift] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Industrial Filter Bag for Dust Collector. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Factory Price Peristaltic Hose Pump for Textile Mill] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Rigid Malleable Iron Clamp Back Spacers.[Aluminum Alloy Die Casting for Window/Door Hardware/Hinge (STK-ADC-167)] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Women Fashion Winter V Neck Long Sleeve Clothes,Marble granite Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Furniture]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Transparent Clear Acrylic OPP Carton Packing Tape.[Factory Supply Decorative Aluminum Perforated Sheet]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Back-Sealing Automatic Packaging Machine- Stainless Steel. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[8A/9A Grade Brazilian/Indian Virgin/Remy Human Hair with Free Shipping] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Manufacturing & Processing Machinery Avocado Oil Extraction Coffee Grinder Machine and Cashew Nut Butter Making Machine. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[ Charcoal Bag]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (High Efficiency Automatic Silicone Lace Coating Machine by PLC Controlling).Flexible DC12V/24V SMD 2835 3528 Blue Christmas Light LED Strip, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,360 Degree Maverick Angler Fishing Kayak with Rotating Seat(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Check Weigher Using After Packaging Machine]

Conclusions

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References