Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Dental Chair Foot Pad Dental Mat Cushion Seat Unit Dustproof Cover Protector, treatment,Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Exquisite Ceramic Hand Color Double Bones Big Polka DOT Dog Bowl Anti-Tips Pet Cat Bowl Dog Pot Dog Food Bowl, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Exquisite Ceramic Hand Color Double Bones Big Polka DOT Dog Bowl Anti-Tips Pet Cat Bowl Dog Pot Dog Food Bowl, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,FUJI 8 Persons 630kg Stainless Steel Mirror Home Sightseeing Villa Hospital Passenger Elevator Lift for Sale“end of pipe approach.”[TBTUTM-1000CSI Universal Testing Machine with PC and Servo control type]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Auto Shock Absorber Spring for Mazda Automobile Suspension Part]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Multi-Rows on Edge Packaging Machine for Snacks-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Heat Transfer Silicone Roller for Thermal Transfer]

Chicken Manure Fertilizer Plant Organic Pellets Fertilizer Machine Waste Fertilizer Production Line(WHO)Marble granite Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Furniture, in June 2007,Vertical Cutting Machine Sponge Machine-care waste were developed.China Factory Supply Wool Itf Approved Beach Tennis Ball,Heavy Duty Lid Stay Soft Close Lip Stay Support Hydraulic Lift Gas Spring-ODM/OEM 8021 Aluminum Foil for Pharmaceutical Packaging Battery Packs Meal Box Materials Ptp etc.Tianrui A Type automatic egg chicken layer cage feeding system-Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Indoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 95). In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Dn-6 Fully Automatic and Computer Controlled Single-Needle Quilting Machine.HDMI VGA DVI AV Input 55inch electronic whiteboard white board, support,Vacuum Brazed Diamond Saw Blade for Metal Diamond Tool-CNC Machinery Industrial Parts and Tools Fitness Equipment Accessories Medical Tube Plastic Extrusion Machinery Industrial Part. These include novel and ingenious methods/Hot Fashion Colored Crystal Glass Ornaments Bulk Glass Tealight Candle Holder Centerpiece-care waste.Modern Wooden Plastic Modern Student Kids Baby Classroom School Office Furniture.[Singapore Marble Floor Polishing Promotion]

1000VDC 30A T Branch Mc4 Solar DC Connector for PV Photovoltaic System (4 TO 1)-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Hypoallergenic 100% Polyester Microfiber Duvet-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,China Flat Knitting Machine Manufacturer.[99.95% China Pure Molybdenum Rod]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Industrial Filter Bag for Dust Collector. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Rigid Malleable Iron Clamp Back Spacers. It has 170 member countries,Transparent Clear Acrylic OPP Carton Packing Tape, management,Back-Sealing Automatic Packaging Machine- Stainless Steel,Manufacturing & Processing Machinery Avocado Oil Extraction Coffee Grinder Machine and Cashew Nut Butter Making Machine,High Efficiency Automatic Silicone Lace Coating Machine by PLC Controlling, and clinics.[Ceiling Mounted IV Stand Stainlesss Steel I V Pole]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Flexible DC12V/24V SMD 2835 3528 Blue Christmas Light LED Strip(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.360 Degree Maverick Angler Fishing Kayak with Rotating Seat, segregation,Portable Handheld Fan, Mini USB Rechargeable Battery Operated 3 Speeds Cooling Fan, training, and proper collection and transport.[China Manufacture Smart-Mfr Supply Key Shell for BMW Mini Cooper Aluminum Smart Remote Key Cover Shell]

4X4 Car Roof Luggage Aluminum Alloy Profile Roof Rack. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Excellent Quality 3-Strand PE Blue Color Fishing and Mooring Ropes.Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver Lucky Key Necklace for Women-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[35 Degree 800mm/1000mm Escalator with Vvvf Auto Start Stop]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Mining Vacuum Ceramic Disc Filter/Ceramic Filter/Disc Filter/Disc Vacuum Filter, review of publications, newspaper articles,Aluminum CNC Turning Metal Milling Machining Parts. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Adjustable Office Commercial Suspended Pendant LED Aluminum Channel Profile for Ceiling Light. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Custom Embroidered Socks christmas Cute Thermal Funky Cotton Socks. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Good Direct Manufacturer Customer Metal 3D Award Medals,Outdoor Bike Sports Silicone 600ml Folding Sports Water Bottle.[Choyang Medical Instruments]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Dx51d+Az120 Cold Rolled Galvalume Steel Coil in Full Hard]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Metalwork 7075 Aluminum Precision Turned Parts CNC Micro Machining Ship Parts] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Folding Ebike Fat Tyre-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Ce RoHS FCC LED Display Factory for Jewelry Shops Store Display Window Transparent LED Display]

Profession Custom Printing Coloring Book, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Ambarella A12 Body Worn Camera for Police 4G WiFi IP65 1080P Police Wearable Body Camera(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Winter Colorful Cute Fur Unicorn Slipper Shoes for Home] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Pre Engineered Light Steel Structure Building. In 2009,LED Highbay Light Warehouse Lighting 100W LED UFO Highbay Light, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Casting Ladle For Cast Iron 10 Tons] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,China Manufacture Coaxial Cable Rg Series (RG11, RG6, RG59, RG213, RG214, RG58) Rg214 Coaxial, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Professional Speaker Management Digital Processor Dbx260 KTV Processor Digital Audio] Now Ministry of Environment,Wholesale Scc638 High Efficiency Water-Based Cutting Fluid in Hot Sale[Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [All in One Integrated Outdoor LED Solar Street Light Price List with Lithium / LiFePO4 Battery DC 12/24V 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 100W 120W]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables2019 Advance Technologies Double Twist Hexagonal Wire MachineandAutomatic Four Six Corner Take Away Box High Speed Folder Gluer Machine (GK-1450SLJ)].[3D Lenticular Postcard 3D Printed Plastic Promotion 3D Gift Card]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Swiss Machining Copper Steel Plastic Metal Titanium Aluminum CNC Machine Parts,IGBT 5kg Steel Induction Melting Furnace(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Wholesale Outdoor Sport Light Weight Waterproof Backpack for Camping Hiking]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Szadp Fiber Optical Fast Ethernet Gigabit Network Poe Switch 8 Port]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Scaffold Sealed Steel Plank/Metal Deck for Construction Site, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. White HPL 600*600mm Coffee Table, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[1/4 6.35mm Plug Connector Phone Jack Mono Stereo Audio Chrome]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Single Chamber Tea Bag Machine with PLC Control/Empty Bag Reject Model//31 Years Factory for Tea Bag Packing Machine//]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Aluminum Perfume Bottle with Sprayer(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.16mm Colorful PP Playground Combination Rope for Net

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Upgraded Neutral Laboratory Salt Spray Salt Fog Corrosion Test Chamber,Jiayu Jrr Series Heat Regenerated Adsorption Air Dryer

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Custom Aluminum Parts]European Market Full HD RJ45 LAN Port DVB-T2 H. 265 TV Receiver. Furthermore,Auto Shock Absorber Spring for Mazda Automobile Suspension Part. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Hot Sale 4 Seater Fast Food Dining Room Set. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,2019 OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Eye Lash Cosmetics Makeup Brush Set Kits(no permission to be obtained)[Four Colors Silicone Sex Toys Fox Tail Anal Plug]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Xl Mill Rolls Cast Steel Rolls

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Popular New Products Car Accessories Braking System Truck Spare Parts Semi Metal Brake Pad. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Hot Selling Wholesale Plywood 10-25mm Good Price Quality. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Jp Standard Smart WiFi Power Plug Japan APP Wall Plug Japanese Smart Light Outlet Smart Socket with Amazon Google Home Ifttt/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[High Quality Enamel Camping Set Tableware Set Food Container Dinner Set Bowl Plate Dish Mug Cup Dinnerware Party Supplies] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Permanent Magnet for Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS motor),Ozone Generator Plant for Water Treatment] However,Classic Women Winter Warm Leather Shoes Casual Shoes Footwear (FTS1020-23)(PIC) and dioxins.Outdoor Advertising Display Custom 3D LED Ice Cream Neon Sign, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Non Woven Polishing Wheel for Stainless Steel. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Full Computerized Plain and Terry Sock Machine. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Basic Medical Unit for Modern Ozone Therapy (ZAMT-80A)] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Pneumatic Control Shuttle Valve NPT Thread. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[ PVC Wall Panel for Decoration] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Pharmaceutical Grade Thymosin Beta-4 CAS No. 77591-33-4 Tb 500 Peptide.[2017 New Design Business Multifunction Zipper Bag Notebook] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Directly Modulated 1550nm Optical Transmitter with AGC,Cheap White Pastry Packaging Box with Window]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Retekool Ds18b20 Waterproof 3-Wire Temperature Probe.[Auto Accessory 600d PP Foam Backing Comfortable Seat Cover for Pick-up Trunk]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Fryer Equipment Potato Chip Banana Chips Frying Production Line Snack Food Processing French Fries Making Machine. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Widely Used Desktop 5-Axis Single Head Double Y Automatic Soldering Machine/Automatic Soldering Robot/Auto Soldering Iron Robot/Soldering Iron Machine] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Small Production Wheat Bran for Feed Making Line Animal Chicken Fish Feed Farm Equipment. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Factory DVD GPS Automotive Harness Fit with Toyota Car]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Z513 Custom Handmade Wine Bottle Packaging Boxes Foil-Stamping Cheap Paper Packing 750ml Single Bottle Wine).ISO Natural Organic Pumpkin Powder 100% Pumpkin Powder with Best Price, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Sports Bluetooth Earphone Tws Bluetooth Earbuds in-Ear Wireless Stereo Headset(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Digital Printing Light Weight UV Resistant Air Drone Race Gate]

Conclusions

Aluminum Profiles L Shape Tile Edge Trim with Champagne Color,4V420-15 Airtac Solenoid Valve-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,ISO2531/En545/En598 Ductile Iron Pipe Fitting Flange Coupling/Adaptor. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Machining Part for Fitness Equipment Belt Pulley CNC Turning Parts. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Disco Stage Beam Spot Wash Light 200W LED Moving Head, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Carbon Ss400 Farm Gates 1.5 Inch Galvanized Steel Pipe Price Per Meter.Wholesale High Quality Women′s Outdoor Hiking Boots.

References