Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Colorful Highly Pigmented Eyeshadow Palette, Makeup Palette Long Lasting Waterproof, treatment,T7411-T7414 Replace Ink Chips for Epson F7200/7280/7080 Inkjet Printers. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,MC4 Connector Male and Female, Mc4 Solar Panel Connector 30A 1000V for PV Cable 2.5/4/6mm Solar Panel Connect, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,MC4 Connector Male and Female, Mc4 Solar Panel Connector 30A 1000V for PV Cable 2.5/4/6mm Solar Panel Connect, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,2 Gang 5pin Multi Socket with Neon Electrical Power Socket“end of pipe approach.”[ Parties and Home Decor]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Sally 1000X600X35mm Horizontal Bathroom Makeup Dressing Glass LED Mirror with Silver Coated]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Ceiling Mounted IV Stand Stainlesss Steel I V Pole-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Office Workstation Desk Grommet Aluminum Furniture Wire Socket Box (HC-XH003-1)]

Wholesale Women′s Super Microfiber Leather Fabric Jodhpurs Seat Equestrian Breeches(WHO)0.25, 0.30, 0.38, 0.40 High Tensile Hose Wire, in June 2007,12V DC PV Panel Lighting Kit Emergency Lamps Shed Lights Energy Saving Lamp-care waste were developed.LED RGB Stage Effect Light Vision Curtain for Indoor Show,Mechanical Seal For Type H for Grundfos Pump seal cartridge seal-SAA Approval Australian 2 Pin AC Power Cord.Good Insulated Real Estate Well Designed Labor Camp/Warehouse Prefab House-Wanshsin Wpf Planetary Gearbox (ratio: 3-100). In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-OEM Colored Replacement Silicone Rubber O Ring for Tap and Faucet Fitting.Kids Sneakers School Shoes for Girls with Design Wholesale High-Quality Custom Dropshipping Running Shoes, support,Stainless Steel Fittings-40mnb High Quality 40teeth Grass Brush Cutter Blade. These include novel and ingenious methods/CTB Series Wet Process Permanent Drum Magnetic Separator with Top Quality-care waste.Steam Rotary Joints Oil Swivel Coupling Air Rotating Union.[Best Selling Products Galvanized Structural Steel Profile / Galvanized Steel C Channel / C Channel Prices]

Aluminum Foil Container Making Machine, Pneumatic Punching Machine-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,LED RGB Wash Wall Lighting-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,14 Inch Silent Core Low Noise Segmented Granite Cutting Diamond Saw Blade.[Light Duty Manhole Cover for Sale]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Ce Certificated Acm-60 PTFE Powder Grinding Mill. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Check Weigher Using After Packaging Machine. It has 170 member countries,Pet Bottle Drinking Pure Mineral Water Washing Filling Sealing Machine Water Plant Purifier, management,FRP Cooling Tower Blower Fan Manufacturers,Teflon Hose, PTFE Hose, High Temperature Resistant Hose,16W Corn Bulb 4u IC Driver Corn LED Light Bulbs, and clinics.[Laser Cutting Custom Clothing Garment Damask Woven Label]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Head Dimension Integral Drill Rod(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.China Textile Factory Produces Dye Sublimation Beach Flag Fabric, segregation,Aluminium Profile Roller Shutters OEM/Rolling Screen Aluminium, training, and proper collection and transport.[Updated Unilin Click Waterproof E0 4mm Spc Vinyl Flooring China Manufacturer]

Semi-Automatic Headlight Tester/Headlamp Tester/Automobile Headlight Detector. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Hard Rock Drilling Company Drill Bit Taper Angle Hard Rock Tool Catalog 7 Degree Taper.Shot Gun Hot Stick with 1.4m 10kv Fiberglass Operating Rod-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Small Yellow Fish Plastic Expansion Bolt From China Factory]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Production Line Make Pre Cooked Corn Meal Maize Powder Flour Making Machine, review of publications, newspaper articles,Mens High Quality Casual Outwear Windproof Jacket. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Plated Gold Metal Blank Lapel Pins. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Hot Air 25kg Pet Plastic Hopper Dryer for Injection Molding Machine. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Blm Mould and Mould Part Production Team Will Utilize Their Experience in The Packaging Industry to Meet Your Mould Build Needs Mould Part,Vvvf VFD Converter AC/DC Solar Power Inverter for Freight Elevator Lift 5.5kw.[china-aquatech]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[China Manufacturer Supply Cassava Flour Machine in Tanzania]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[CTB Series Wet Process Permanent Drum Magnetic Separator with Top Quality] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Tungsten Metal Powder Cast Tungsten Carbide Powder in Various Size-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Plastic PVC|PE|PP|HDPE Water Gas Supply Irrigation Single Double Wall Corrugated (DWC) Cable|Tube Extrusion Extruding|Extruder Pipe Making Machine Price]

Semi Auto 5 Gallon PC Bottle Blow Molding Machine, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,0.42mm White Water and Heat Resistant Thermal Insulation Cloth(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Hot Fashion Colored Crystal Glass Ornaments Bulk Glass Tealight Candle Holder Centerpiece] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Galvanized Aluminum Wire Mesh Window Screen. In 2009,Gear Box Carbon Steel U Type Flange Butterfly Valve High Performance, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Poplar Material and Modern Style Bathroom Vanity with Medicine Cabinet] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Dimmable White Silver Shell Shouing Ceiling Lamp 15W LED Downlight, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[1616590483 Oil Free Air Compressor Head for Atlas Copco Rotor] Now Ministry of Environment,Home Radiator Heating Electric Fireplace with Mantel Packages (319B)[Mining Machinery Sandvik Symons Nordberg Mantle Cone Crusher Parts]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Pre Engineered Light Steel Structure Building]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesClear Ampoules Made of Low Borosilicate Class and Glass Tubingandwww.outdoorgamefactory.com].[PVD Vacuum Coating Machine for Stainless Steel]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

Cummins auto diesel engine motor 6ISBE parts 4892338 starter motor

Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

Terracotta ASA Coated PVC Roofing Tile for Villa

Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

Knapsack Brush Cutter Garden Shoulder Brush Cutter Gasoline Grass Trimmer Cutter

Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

Camera Humidity Cabinet

The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Moisturizing Lipglpss Make Your Own Clear Lip Gloss Custom,Heavy Capacity Lifting Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) for Excavator Assembly(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[D Horizontal Multistage Diesel Booster Pump/Diesel Water Pump Sale]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[FUJI 8 Persons 630kg Stainless Steel Mirror Home Sightseeing Villa Hospital Passenger Elevator Lift for Sale]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Food Powder Pouch Printing and Packaging Production Line, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 120W Outdoor Highway IP66 Aluminum LED Street Light Luminaire, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Hot Air 25kg Pet Plastic Hopper Dryer for Injection Molding Machine]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Waterproof Fireproof Spc Click Floor PVC Vinyl Floor Tile 4mm 5mm 6mmm]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Greatly Discounted Customized Factory Custom Metal Structures(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Electrical Contactor 3TF33 AC Magnetic Contactor

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Solar Battery lifepo4 battery 200ah 48V 50ah 100ah 300ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Storage Battery Pack for Solar System/EV/Ess/UPS

   5. Rubber Soles Vulcanizing Machine/ Press Machine

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,99.95% China Pure Molybdenum Rod,Leather Tanning Agent BCS Basic Chrome Sulphate 24%-26%

   7. Dn25 Approved Stainless Steel 304 Pneumatic Piston Angle Seat Valve/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Mobile Hotdog Food Cart]Rg59 with 2core Power Coaxial Cable. Furthermore,LCD Display Bzc-220V-150A PWM Solar Charge Cntroller. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Kids Education Games Plastic Funny Square Whack-a-Mole Toy. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Custom 100% Cotton Face Cleaning Refreshing Wet Towel(no permission to be obtained)[Screw Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw/Fastener]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Diagnostic Medical Clinical Alpk2 Palm Aneroid Digital Bp Blood Pressure Sphygmomanometer

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,60m3 Bulk Silo Trailer Wheat Transport for Sale. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Four Colors Silicone Sex Toys Fox Tail Anal Plug. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Clear Ampoules Made of Low Borosilicate Class and Glass Tubing/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Supply Round Shape Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar Jam Jar 200ml] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Cheap Price High Pressure Solar Energy Water Heater with Ce,Sidewinder Rubber Cable Protector Ramp] However,LED Outdoor 5m, 6m, 7m, 8m, 9m 10m Lighting Pole and 30W, 40W, 50W, 60W, 70W, 80W, 90W, 100W, 120W, 150W LED Solar Street Lamp(PIC) and dioxins.Electrical Hot Air Blower Brushless Motor Battery Operated Air Blower Fan, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Pet PE BOPP PVC CPP Film Slitting Machine. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Yellow Selvage White Multifilament Fishing Tackle Nylon Fishing Net. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Conductive Belt High Quality Supplier] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Dental Pfm Crown From China Dental Laboratory. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Machine to Make Disposable Plates] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,4 Column Hydraulic Press to Calibrate The Steel Pipe.[Hospital Supply Medical Compressed Air System with Factory Price] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Rigid Malleable Iron Clamp Back Spacers,Pneumatic Low-Noise Cage Type Control Valve]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Coal Rock Crawler Mucking Loader Machine Rock Mucking Loader for Underground.[m.acrubberfactory.com]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Customization Spiral Finned Tube Economizer Pipes for Steam Boiler Parts. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Wood Log Debarker and Rounding Machine] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Comfort Home Indoor Scent Aroma Machine Silent Essential Oil Diffuser. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Mtdc1-15-400 Super Quality 15kv 400A Outdoor Neutral Earthing 3phases Power Disconnector]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Night Vision Camera Infrared IP67 Outdoor CMOS Cameras).Vacuum Coating Machine for Golden Door Handle/Metal PVD Coating Machines, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Diamond Pattern Security Barbs Razor Wire(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Interiro MDF/HDF White Primed Painted Molded Door From Factory]

Conclusions

Pipe Production Line for PE Shell Pipe Casing Thin Wall Pipe with Thermal Insulation with Polyurethane Foam (PPU),High-Tech Platen Vulcanizing Press Rubber Machine / Automatic Plate Vulcanizing Press-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Breathable PU Coated Ripstop Taffeta 190t Polyester Fabric with Printed. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.2.2um Al/Zn Metallized Film for Capacitor Use. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Preseasoned Cast Iron Mini Serving Cocotte Casserole, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Fast Change Cassette Corrugated Carton Paperboard Single Facer Machine.Antique Stainless Steel Arc Backrest Party Banquet Garden Dining Chair.

References